Matrix Overlay To Networking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4278 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. MATRIX OVERLAY TO NETWORKING 3 2.1. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Matrix Overlay To Networking" essay for you Create order Matrix Overlay: 3 2.2. Responsible Autonomy: 3 2.3. Matrix Overlay VS Responsible Autonomy: 4 2.4. Example of Company: 4 2.5. Conclusion: 5 3. CENTRALIZATION TO DECENTRALIZATION 6 3.1. Centralization 6 3.2. Decentralization 6 3.3. Centralization or Decentralization 7 3.4. Examples of company: 8 4. ORGANIZATION TO NETWORKING 10 4.1. Organization 10 4.2. Organizational Structure 11 4.3. Types of Organizational structures 11 4.4. TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES 11 4.5. LINE STRUCTURE 12 4.6. LINE-AND-STAFF STRUCTURE 12 4.7. MATRIX STRUCTURE 12 4.8. Organizational change for enterprise growth 13 4.9. IBM 13 4.10. Toyota Company 14 4.11. Organization structure of Toyota 14 4.12. Networking 14 4.13. Salient Benefits 15 4.14. Outsourcing: a major drive to network formation 15 4.15. The globalization of networking 16 4.16. Trust: a stumbling-block to successful networking 16 4.17. Conclusion 17 5. THE NEW ORGANIZATION (mukulRuchira) 19 6. CONCLUSION (mukulruchira) 19 7. REFERENCE 20 7.1. Paper Based Resources 20 7.2. Electronic Resources 20 INTRODUCTION MATRIX OVERLAY TO NETWORKING Matrix Overlay: It is to explain organizational structure based on optimal coordination of interaction among actives. The main idea is that each manager is cabala of detecting and coordinating interactions only within his limited areas of expertise. Only the CEO can coordinate companywide interactions, optimal design of the organization trades of the costs and benefits of various configurations of managers. Responsible Autonomy: The responsible autonomy is an individual or a group has autonomy to decide what to do but is accountable for the outcomes of the decisions it might be called no rule or no external rule, Responsible Autonomy means to address the difficulties in applying direct control strategies in seeks to encourage creativity and innovation by developing an informal working environment for respective manager and technical staff a conceptual frame work is develop on relationship between management control strategies and information system project risks. Matrix Overlay VS Responsible Autonomy: According to Bryan and Joyce, they argued that â€Å"today’s big companies do very little to enhance the productivity of their professional structures , retrofitted with ad hoc and matrix overlays nearly always make professional works more complex and inefficient.† Organizations in 21st century are not fit for 21st century workers. Comparably in responsible autonomy is form of organization in which groups of workers decide for themselves what to do, but should be accountable for the outcome. It is a open source work. It gets the people well connected to each other in organization which help to make more innovations and explore knowledge. Example of Company: The Unilever, the basic organisational unit is the country-based sales and marketing team. Now when categories are increasingly internationally and needed to manage globally. As a result Unilever has category managers at global and regional levels. And recently, brands are now stretched across categories like Vaseline is a brand and in Vaseline enter the deodorant or shampoo categories. So therefore it’s necessary to have a brand management function or process above the level of category. Same issues arise in supply side, as in manufacturing and purchasing increasingly need to managed not only across the brands and categories but also across the countries and regions. Therefore these companies involve a complex network of relationships between interdependent units, working together in a matrix structure. The only three ways to get things done that is to coordinate to an organization these are Hierarchy: has been a most the commonly used way of combining system, culture, leader ship and power; the four key feature of an organization. And it is also most common and often thought of as the only way. Now the time is ripe for change in order to thrive we need to get rid of our addiction to hierarchy. Biased in our factors and re enforced by long cultured tradition, we need to move to more cooperative, smart and accountable ways of organizing. Therefore depending on its purpose and size, organizations will need to blend in various degrees of heterachy and responsible autonomy. In its hierarchy dominated matrix. Some of the key factors to pull away from hierarchy are individual skills, rewards system and more participatory governance systems, Heterarchy: In this concept it describes as divided, supported or dispersed rule where control shifts around depending on the project and the personality, skills, experience and enthusiasm of those who can make things happen. Responsible autonomy: In this concept the teams of employees decide what to do but remain accountable for the result. Conclusion: Today’s big companies do very little to enhance the productivity of their professionals. In fact, their vertically oriented organizational structures, retrofitted with ad hoc and matrix overlays, nearly always make professional work more complex and inefficient.† In other words, 21st-century organizations are not fit for 21st-century workers. The models and frameworks that shaped our leading organizations from the end of the second world war through the conclusion of the cold war are clearly obsolete in this new era of e-business, perpetual innovation and global competition.† The design of today’s complex enterprises, says Mercer Delta, requires an entirely new way of thinking about organizations. Trust is the driving issue here, and one that you will find about implementing new management techniques and new technology to empower innovation creators. Network person can add tremendous amount of value to a large organisation. However, to get the mos t out of their, Senior Management has to trust him. Senior Management to trust him with key information about the company’s strategies and challenges. Senior management has to trust him to make decisions. Finally, Senior Management has to trust him with all the tools she will need to communicate with the rest of the company. CENTRALIZATION TO DECENTRALIZATION To know about centralization to decentralization, we need to know the definition of centralization and decentralization and how organization works under these states. Centralization It is a state under which organizational and management decisions and strategies are decides by the single authorities and where resources underutilized, less motivation to the employees, lack of knowledge sharing and less moral of the employees causes the conflicts and errors in the management. Decentralization It is a state of the organization run under the subunits of management and decisions are made on the lower level and it would be the best definition if you say the lower the level where the decision are made the greater is the decentralization. . Factors involved in decentralization. There are plenty of reason which leads an organization centralized to decentralized. Decision making authorities are not aware of the local knowledge which could effect the decisions. The less the managerial force in decision-making will not get the desirable motivational effect and managers have not much control over the results. Targets and achievements of overall organization is not the responsibility of every manager, everyone is liable for his own code of conduct and its directly effects the goals of the company. The application of services are not fully utilized because they are forced to do the certain job which cause of insufficient results. Centralized process cannot divide labour as perfect as decentralized did and even in the time of need to improve deficiency or inefficiency by moving their working force around and they can do so without the approval of top management. Example. Consider the Dallas Cowboys of the early 90’s, where Jerry Jones the owner had final say over all personnel decisions to the New England Patriots of today, where numerous individuals throughout the organization have an input on personnel decisions. By trusting the individuals within the organization to obtain accurate information and use their minds to provide appropriate analysis, the Patriots are able to take advantage of division of labor and allows for multiple individuals to give input on players. Decentralization has proven so successful for the Patriots (via seemingly always finding cheap players to replace expensive stars) that the Cowboys have now moved toward a more decentralized structure. https://www.answers.com/topic/decentralization https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4020.html https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/index.php/Kellogg/article/when_should_firm_decentralize https://www.adampieniazek.com/management/centralization-vs-decentralization/ Centralization or Decentralization Normally, centralized decision making is one of the strategies which is using by the international and global organisation, decentralized decision making is the multidomestic strategy. The decision making of centralized is the senior manager who has experience and expertise in the organisation and they are controlling the whole organisation. This is good for headquarter to control the organisation and make sure it always following the strategy of the organisation, reducing the risk of the lower-level employees make. But this is really hard for management to motivate their employees and they will wait to be told what to do, secondly the top management level will hard to get information from the bottom line and this is going to cause missed communication between manager and their employees (John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S, p526). Decentralised decision making base on the local managers and they can decide what to do, because they know a lot about the local environment so that the y can deal in the right way. In most of the organisation top managers are not contact with the customers, competitors, suppliers and markets directly, so they do not really know the right decision for practically case. Therefore, decentralized decision making providing an opportunity for the line managers to decide what to do and make the right decision. Decentralized strategy can encourage the line managers to exercise initiative and motivate the lower level employees to do greater job. On the other hand, if there are lots of bad decisions are made then the organisation will be in the risk and also the performance of the organisation may get change (John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S, p527). Above all different organisations have their own strategies and they will follow their strategy to make the organisation become global and international organisation. Therefore, centralized and decentralized strategies are the way for organisations to approach into global market, consider on d ifferent culture that the organisation will choose either centralized or decentralized strategy to mange their organisation. Reference: John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S.(2007), International business environment and operations, eleven edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Examples of company: Johnson Johnson (Decentralized) JJ has more than 250 operating companies in 57 countries and is employing 117,000 people all around the world. They are completely example of decentralized organization with success. According to an interview between William Weldon, chairman and CEO of the JohnsonJohnson and [email  protected]/* */, he believes that to be decentralized have lots of challenges with great opportunities as well. Local management structure helps to understand the consumer, the people, the government and the needs in the marketplace. Because they grew up in those markets, understand those markets and develop themselves in those markets. To run business locally is easier than run it from the U.S. JJ has strong leadership and management framework that is way being decentralized is not a reason to lose control . The other thing that decentralization does is that it gives company a tremendous opportunity to develop people. Another great benefit is when people make a mistake it does not affect on whole company but the problem with centralization is if one person makes one mistake, it can cripple the whole organization. On the other hand decentralized corporate structure gives people freedom to create new products and ideas. This makes JJ more innovative company and competitive in the market. (Johnson Johnson CEO William Weldon: Leadership in a Decentralized Company, 25 June,2008) (https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?arti cleid=2003) NILAY HP: (Centralized) Hewlett-Packard had decentralized structure in the 1970s with a lot of small divisions then in the early 1980s they became centralized because three divisions were not well-matched with each other. But in this case they realized that system obstruct innovation and talent. HP has changed management structure in 199 0 but this time company suffered lack of coordination then centralized in 1994, swung back to decentralized units in 1998 and finally returned to centralized in 2000. ((https://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1058040.html) According to Lampman, Director of HP Labs â€Å"The company came from a pretty long tradition of a very highly decentralized business model, and if anything, that probably reached its zenith in the mid to late 1990s and while that model actually worked very well for us in the past, both in the early days of the company and even in the period since we got into computer systems in al lot of ways it fundamentally broke down as we found ourselves in system businesses which required more integration and a more intensively competitive environment which required a lot more leveraging of the assets that we have.† Having centralized management structure is making stronger their following points: HP minimized broke down in computer system becaus e of less integration. HP got compatibility between products across the entire business and they get consumer experience using simple way. HP believes that a move to centralization was also a move to improved alignment. They completely disagree that being centralized cause negative impact on innovation. (Thinking Strategically in turbulent times, Alan M. Glassman, Deone Zell, Shari Duron, M.E Sharpe Inc. , 2005. Edition 2nd. NILAY ORGANIZATION TO NETWORKING Organization An organization is a group of people with same aims, goals and achievements and social arrangement which controls its own performance. Organizations can be regarded as people management systems. They range from simple hierarchies along traditional lines to complex networks dependent on computer systems and telecommunications. Human resource managers can encourage organizations to adopt strategies (for their structures) which foster both cost-effectiveness and employee commitment. Organizational structures can be classified into a number of types, including functional, divisional, matrix, federations and networks. There are many examples of organizations but among the most successful organizations are Coca-Cola and Toyota Motor Corporation. These organizations represent companies that operate for very long time very successfully in global business. These companies are in first 100 top companies in the world. The Coca-Cola Company operates in more than 200 countries and markets with nearly 500 brands and 3,000 beverage products. Toyota Corporation is currently the worlds largest automaker. Organizational Structure Every organization to be effective must have an organizational structure. It is the form of structure that determines the hierarchy and the reporting structure in the organization. It is also called organizational chart. There are different types of organization structures that companies follow depending on a variety of things; it can be based on geographical regions, products or hierarchy. To put it simply an organizational structure is a plan that shows the organization of work and the systematic arrangement of work. Types of Organizational structures TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES Traditional organizational structures focus on the functions, or departments, within an organization, closely following the organizations customs and bureaucratic procedures. These structures have clearly defined lines of authority for all levels of management. Two traditional structures are line and line-and-staff. LINE STRUCTURE The line structure is defined by its clear chain of command, with final approval on decisions affecting the operations of the company still coming from the top down. Because the line structure is most often used in small organizations—such as small accounting offices and law firms, hair salons, and mom-and-pop stores—the president or CEO can easily provide information and direction to subordinates, thus allowing decisions to be made quickly. LINE-AND-STAFF STRUCTURE While the line structure would not be appropriate for larger companies, the line-and-staff structure is applicable because it helps to identify a set of guidelines for the people directly involved in completing the organizations work. This type of structure combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that service, advice, and support them. Based on the companys general organization, line-and-staff structures generally have a centralized chain of command. The line-and-staff managers have direct authority over their subordinates, but staff managers have no authority over line managers and their subordinates. Because there are more layers and presumably more guidelines to follow in this type of organization, the decision-making process is slower than in a line organization. MATRIX STRUCTURE A variation of the line-and-staff organizational structure is the matrix structure. In todays workplace, employees are hired into a functional department (a department that performs a specific type of work, such as marketing, finance, accounting, and human resources) but may find themselves working on projects managed by members of another department. Organizations arranged according to project are referred to as matrix organizations. Matrix organizations combine both vertical authority relationships (where employees report to their functional manager) and horizontal, or diagonal, work relationships (where employees report to their project supervisor for the length of the project). Workers are accountable to two supervisors—one functional manger in the department where the employee regularly works and one special project manager who uses the employees services for a varying period of time Because the matrix structure is often used in organizations using the line-and-staff setup, its also fairly centralized. However, the chain of command is different in that an employee can report to one or more managers, but one manager typically has more authority over the employee than the other manager(s). Organizational change for enterprise growth IBM During the mid-1990s, IBM revitalized its market strategy and product line architecture The need for this strategic and product line renewal could not have been more pressing. In 1990, IBM reported net earnings of approximate $6 billion. A year later, it reported a small net loss. In 1992, the loss approached $7 billion. By 1993, losses exceeded $8 billion! Market innovation was an important aspect of IBMs turnaround defined compelling user needs and frustrations, and drove these into new product designs in both hardware and software. IBM moved from a transactions processing orientation for all large corporate users, to an e-business consumer and focus within specific vertical markets. Toyota Company Toyota Motor Company was founded in 1937 by the Toyoda family. Business was relatively unsuccessful until Eiji Toyoda introduced the method of lean production after studying Ford’s Rouge plant in Detroit in 1950.This lean production method became known as the Toyota Production System. The production executive, Taiichi Ohno, successfully helped Toyoda improve his company using this new production method and mode of thinking. Organization structure of Toyota Toyota employees and executive’s one quickly learn the word â€Å"I† instead of â€Å"we†. Employees are encouraged to share information and because higher ranking employee are encouraged to serve as mentor of lower level employee. Toyota has a more horizontal organizational structure â€Å"Matrix structure† Toyota’s use of matrix structure gives the company significant advantage because people working with â€Å"responsibility without authority† challenge to uncover truth and find solutions. Networking Both large and small organizations are increasingly required to network or enter into strategic alliances with other firms, in order to achieve success. Strategic inter-organizational alliances and networking (through technology) are becoming the keys in managing organizations in the 1990s. Many firms (both small and large) have now realized the need for business alliances. In this perspective, firms use a variety of strategies to create an alliance with other firms, through people who can help their business grow. This process involves a variety of means and instruments which include networking with friends and colleagues, joining professional organizations, hiring skilled professionals for special needs, client referral development and the use of sophisticated information systems-networks. Networks are transforming the roles of employees in organizations. The back office has moved to the front and the new technology has changed many career paths. Salient Benefits It can serve as a transitional stage to help organizations to become leaner, more innovative and responsive in order to meet today’s organizational challenge to change. Enterprise networking also offers more timely, cost effective and integrated ways to make information available throughout an entire enterprise. Enterprise networking techniques are also being used to eliminate routine tasks. Outsourcing: a major drive to network formation An outcome of outsourcing has been the growth in the number of integrated companies, which are vendors that offer companies a customized network of vehicles, drivers, dispatchers, managers and transport control systems? In the strictest sense of the word, outsourcing refers to the transfer of assets, such as computers, networks and people, from a using organization to a service vendor, which then assumes under long-term contract the responsibility for the outsourced activity. Current examples of this arrangement include Digital Equipment Corporation’s operation of Kodak’s network and MCI’s and IBM’s operation of Merrill Lynch’s network. EDS and Texas Air formed a joint venture to provide reservation systems; EDS paid $250 million to Texas Air for assets of System One subsidiary transferred to joint venture; EDS acquired 2,300 of 3,000 System One employees under ten-year facilities management contract. Chevron and IBM will manage the SNA n etwork, ATT the private voice network, Hughes the retail point-of-sale network at 2,000 service stations. The globalization of networking Within Europe networks are a key means in a recently concluded five-year nation-wide, action-research-based Swedish work reform effort involving more than 100 organizations in various networks. This was called the Leadership, Organization and Co-determination (LOM) programmed. Perhaps the most popular European examples of networking are found in Denmark. In 1989, the Danish government earmarked $25 million to create a networking programmed. Companies joined in groups of three, four and five to chase exports and expand their product lines. Manufacturers pooled resources and skills, technology and information. Companies in the service sector combined research, training and marketing. Within 18 months, 3,500 of Denmark’s enterprises (ranging from law firms to furniture makers) were operating in these networks. Trust: a stumbling-block to successful networking It is widely understood and accepted that trust is a fundamental prerequisite to any successful networking arrange ment. However, strategic alliances should not be regarded as â€Å"quick-fix† management solutions. Many alliances are plagued by clashing cultures and conflicting interests. If alliance partners are not pulling together in the same direction or have not agreed on how to measure success, there are going to be problems. Potential conflicts with members of the alliance can be lessened through agreements that are carefully drawn up at the outset as well as through reinforcement of the informal ties between members. Risk sharing and the establishment of long-lasting trust (through social ties) are what binds networked companies together. When reaching out and taking risks with another company, trust is vital. This is why the interplay between the business rationale and the social fabric becomes so prominent. What must be borne in mind is that involvement builds knowledge and knowledge tends to build trust. REFERENCE?_ASIF_NADYA_ANICA Conclusion Combination of strategy, structure and management. The move from a functional organization to an integrated one is a major undertaking that may take years to implement effectively. However, the time constraint is of no real consequence. Today’s corporate partners are less interested in short-term ventures designed to save a few dollars and more focused on long-term alliances where gains are made over many years. Alliances are therefore constructed as effective means to acquire access to new markets and special expertise, or to beat others to market. Strategic alliances are also becoming increasingly necessary to support innovative activities. In these perspectives, strategic alliances are increasingly required to pool resources, skills and risk capital to maintain industrial competitiveness in a hypercompetitive global marketplace. The need for alliances is also driven by rapidly advancing technology Networking is the ability to develop and cultivate a large and diverse g roup of people who will gladly and continually refer business to one another. In a structural sense, networks offer a promising alternative to the two-dimensional lens of strategy and structure through which most senior managers evaluate their organizations. Over time, the members of the network influence values and behaviour both above and below them in the larger organization. Networking is, in effect, reaching out and creating visibility for oneself and one’s company in niche or target markets. It is also the process of targeting and getting involved in associations, groups, clubs or other organizations where the customers and prospects in a niche market spend time with one another. In recent years, the rise of the â€Å"network† form of organization has been dramatic. Even economic sectors that were traditionally driven by conventional business and organizational rationales have espoused this novel form. Among such sectors are the healthcare sector, local and state public-service organizations, the oil industry and the insurance industry. What is also important to note is that networking is quickly following the rationales of the global economy and, as a result, we are now witnessing the formation of networks on a global scale. References: Zeffane, R.M. (1994), â€Å"Inter-organizational alliance and networking: the role of technology†, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Zeffane, R.M,The widening scope of inter-organizational networking: economic, sectoral and social dimensions Rachid Zeffane Paul F. TakakOutsourcing Technology https://www.slideshare.net/ahmad1957/organizational-structure-1340467 https://www.npd-solutions.com/orgstructure.html https://www.skyrme.com/insights/1netorg.htm https://ezinearticles.com/?Organizational-Structure,-Creativity,-Innovationid=21591 https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=tIUUA09yylsCpg https://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/heritage/ourheritage.html https://www.coca-cola.com/index.jsp https://www.coca-cola.com/template1/index.jsp?locale=en_GB https://www.toyota-industries.com/product/ https://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/sustainability/Pages/KeytoToyota%27ssuccess.aspx https://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/ne tworking/article58210.html https://exchange.diamondconsultants.com/pdf/Network_Org_White_Paper.pdf https://www.economy-point.org/n/network-organization.html THE NEW ORGANIZATION (mukulRuchira) CONCLUSION (mukulruchira) I PUT THIS LIST FOR EXAMPLE? PLEASE WRITE YOUR REFERENCE LIKE IN THIS LIST REFERENCE Paper Based Resources Slomon John, Economics, 2006 (6th Edition), Pearson Education Ltd., England Slomon John, Essentials of Economics, 2007 (4th Edition), Pearson Education Ltd., England Electronic Resources Web 1: Mercer’s Quality of Living Survey [online] (cited 7 march 2009) available from www.mercer.com Web 2: The Underground Economy definition [online] (cited 7 march 2009) available from (https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm= TCE Param =A1ARTA0008198, Canadian Encyclopedia).

Cave Paintings Essay - 958 Words

Creating art is one of the single defining factors that set humans apart from animal species. Through art, humans are able to express their innermost ideas and feelings, without having the difficulty of trying to find the correct words to accurately describe their thought processes. Works of art can help us to understand the people who have come before us. This is evidenced by the knowledge humans have discovered of prehistoric men and their symbolic cave paintings. The expression, style, and meaning vary and archaeologists put in much effort to uncover these works. The first evidence of cave art appeared in Western Europe (Berenguer 67). Early cave paintings were characteristic of Western art. They were supported by an acute vision,†¦show more content†¦It is often found to be extremely animalistic. The animals most commonly depicted are horses, deer, reindeer, bison, ipex, aurochs, woolly rhinoceroses, and mammoths. Sometimes lions and bears are also created, but rarely fi sh or birds. Humans were also commonly represented (Berenguer 73). Prehistoric men also created abstract designs that have proven hard to identify. They are referred to as signs and a special nomenclature has been developed to better understand their meaning. Tectiforms are generally quadrangular shapes, with crossing vertical lines inside forming a trellis or mesh design. Tectiforms often appear near naturalistic figures of animals. Scutiforms have been thought to represent the female vulva. They are formed by red patches, often in the form of a comma or a key. Other types of signs are penniforms, ramiforms, and claviforms. The exact meanings of most of these signs remain unknown (Berenguer 82). The French scholar Leroi-Gourhan formed a theory regarding the animalistic and abstract art representations. He believed all depictions revolved around the law of sex, noting that the philosophy of the prehistoric men concentrated all explanations on sex and sexual relations. Cave art depic tions of animals are divided into male and female. The male animals are horses, she-goats, and deer. Bison, bovidae, and mammoths are female. The signs are also divided into gender categories. Triangles, rectangles, ramiforms, tectiforms, and scutiforms areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cave Paintings1253 Words   |  6 Pages The Cave of Lascaux and Cave Art nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cave paintings might possibly be the oldest known form of communication that exists today. Cave paintings date back to a period of time called the Paleolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age took place from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. Prehistoric Age is divided into three parts: Paleolithic being the earliest, Mesolithic being the middle at 10,000 B.C. and Neolithic Age being the latest at 8,000 B.C. 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A Research Based Evaluation On Targets - 998 Words

The first target 7.1 is partially measurable if we encompass the entire world and it’s disparities. Universal access to these energy sources would require an increased cooperation of the world countries that is not absolutely certain in the next fifteen years. In the second target 7.2, the increase of the share of renewable energy is not quantified and reveals the limits of feasibility of this target. The third target 7.3 is imprecise and therefore not really measurable since doubling the actual global rate of improvement in energy efficiency implies knowing the actual global rate of improvement, which is not defined. The fourth target 7.a is clearly quantified by its sub-targets and therefore is more accurate and measurable than the previous ones. The fifth and last target 7.b is more concise and realistic than the others as it establish a parallel between different categories of countries and takes in account their respective programs of support. 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A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example For Students

A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Unlike most essays, Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal is written for the reader to see through what the narrator is expressing. The narrator does not want the reader to agree that the solution to overpopulation and poverty in Ireland is to eat babies, he wants the reader to see there needs to be a practical solution. By stating the advantages and objections to his proposal, using ironic words and phrases, he directs the reader not to see the apparent, but the implicit. Swifts narrative voice metaphorically compares the Irish to pigs and cows, which implies the Irish are being treated subhumanly. Although something seems one way to the narrator, Jonathan Swift wants the reader to see it in an opposite light. We will write a custom essay on A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Firstly, the narrative voice begins the essay by describing the deplorable conditions in which the Irish peasants are living. He demonstrates there is a serious problem with a great need for a solution. He then suggests a solution and then lists a whole list of advantages. His propsal of eating the Irish babies is followed by advantages such as by the sale of their children, the parents would be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year(14). Another advantage is, as Swift put it, the poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own(14). These quotations imply that the poorer tenants have nothing of value and that they would have to resort to selling their own flesh and blood in order to earn an income; they also do not take into consideration that the parents might want to have a family and children who will live with them past the age of one year. A decrease in the meat consumed by Ireland would lead to an advantage of the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef(14). A quotation such as this asks the residents of Ireland to eat human flesh to improve exportation. All the advantages he suggests are true: if his proposal was put into action, these would be benefits, but he is asking the poor to sell their children for consumption. The large population and poor living conditions of Irish peasants are matters which need to be taken care of. By means of downplaying his modest proposal, the narrator leads the reader to believe his proposal is rationale. He even goes as far as saying, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection(1) before he introduces the solution of eating infants. Of course there will be objections to this outrageous recommendation as it is a ridiculous notion. The suggestion of eating young children is most definitely not humble. He also proclaims, he can think of no one objection that will be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom.(15). There are objections and they include more than just concerns about the population numbers. The Irish are being asked to consider ideas of selling their children for profit and cannibalism. If this idea is to go beyond just a proposal, the values of society should be questioned. If this is to be contemplated as a legiti mate solution, the values of society should also be examined thoroughly, I might add. Throughout the essay, ironic words and phrases are used to make the reader see that there is a discrepancy between the stated word or phrase and the implied meaning. The title of Swifts essay, A Modest Proposal implies that his suggestion will be one of insubstantial content, something simple and unassuming. As a solution to the poor standard of living of the Irish, the narrator suggests eating children of about one year old. This recommendation is ludicrous and not simple at all. The narrator is asking the Irish to revert to cannibalism, which not just eating other human beings, it includes their own children. When the narrator begins to introduce this preposterous proposal, he comments, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection. (11) He proposes the idea of eating the young and then downplays this ridiculous notion as being humble. Although the narrator is suggesting an appalling idea, he minimizes it as a humble th ought by claiming it is something simple or unpretentious and then continues to report that there will be no objections to his way of thinking. The narrator uses the term carcass more than once to describe the children being discussed. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary defines a carcass as the dead body of an animal, especially one slaughtered for its meat(138). By using the word carcass, the narrator exhibits that the Irish peasants are thought of as subhuman. Despite suggesting an outlandish notion, he is trying to make others see that there is a problem and it needs to be solved. Metaphors are used continuously throughout this essay to parallel the Irish peasants to animals. Before introducing the proposal, the narrator compares Americans to savages when he states, a very knowing American(11) told him that a child of one year makes wholesome food(11). They are treated like animals by the English and their landlords. The narrator also discusses eating the Irish infants, lik e one would a piece of animal flesh. The Irish peasants are constantly portrayed as animals. For example, Pigsare no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown, fat yearling child, (14) compares the babies directly to pigs. While introducing his proposal to the reader, he talks of how infants flesh will be in season throughout the year(11). This confirms the narrator writing about the Irish as if they are animals that will become a new excellent nutritive meat(12) one could pick up at the market. Furthermore, the narrator metaphorically compares the poor treatment of the Irish to animals when writing, the landlords have already devoured most of the parents(11) of these children. The landlord have devoured the parents in the sense of excessive taxation and collecting high rent. The parents are paralleled to animals and dehumanized by being referred to as breeders several times in the essay. Lastly, the children are depicted almost as a form of currency. The sale of the c hildren for food is to pay their parents debts. The infants emerge as a form of collateral from this proposal. By using metaphors, the treatment of the Irish peasants as less than human by the English is depicted. .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postImageUrl , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:visited , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active { border:0!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus EssayListing advantages and claiming that there will be no objections, the narrator rationalizes his solution and consequently makes the reader believe his suggestion will be one of insignificant content. He captures the attention of the reader by using irony, which is firstly evident in the title of the essay, A Modest Proposal. His tone of voice detaches him emotionally by supporting this proposal with examples of how animals are bred, proposing that children be bred the same way. In conclusion, the narrator is deeply angry about the way in which the English treat the Irish peasants and he thinks something should be done. By stating the problems and proposing an extreme solution, he works with irony throughout the essay to allow his reader to see things on the flip-side. Swifts proposal is an antithesis to get the reader to see the contrary. Bibliography:Work CitedCarcass. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary. 2000 ed. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. Introduction to Literature. Eds. Isobel Findlay et. al. 4th ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 2001. 9-16.