Mattel Toy Recall free essay sample

Albeit numerous eyewitnesses give the organization kudos for reacting to the emergency rapidly with a conciliatory sentiment from the CEO and vows to found increasingly thorough item security checks, Mattel still faces various issues, incorporating critical expenses related with the reviews and new observing frameworks, possible claims and a hit to its notoriety similarly as the Christmas shopping season prepares to launch1. Presentation Mattel Inc. has reviewed in excess of 20 million toys it fabricated in China, refering to issues with lead paint and worries about free magnets that kids could swallow. Mattel accuses the latest review for a training that might be very comfortable to engineers with experience producing in China †to be specific, a vendor’s quick change in materials or assembling processes2. Tom Debrowski, Mattel’s official VP for overall tasks, clarifies that a subcontractor employed to design portions of the Sarge toy came up short on the paint Mattel indicated for the car’s rooftop and windshield. We will compose a custom paper test on Mattel Toy Recall or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The subcontractor, an organization called Hong Li Da (HLD), at that point subbed a paint that contained lead. Debrowski says HLD acted without advising Mattel or its essential merchant for the vehicle, Early Light Industrial Co. The item wellbeing issue may appear to be particularly articulated in the toy business since it depends so vigorously on Chinese creation. As indicated by the Toy Industry Assoc. , China makes around 80 percent of all toys sold in the U. S. Not all of Mattel’s review burdens can be accused exclusively on Chinese assembling. Truth be told, Mattel got back to 18. 2 million toys on the grounds that they contain little magnets that could become loose3. Mattel is working in participation with the U. S. Purchaser Product Safety Commission and other administrative organizations around the world. Mattel is additionally working with retailers worldwide to recognize and expel influenced items from retail retires. Where the lead paint is concerned, it was careless of Mattel not to have indicated all the more solidly, and reviewed all the more intently, what its Chinese providers were doing and where the magnets are concerned, it was careless of Mattel not to have had a superior plan for its products4. Case introduction Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) apply to all gatherings that fabricate, amass, permit or disperse any item or bundle bearing any of the Mattel logos. GMP gives direction and least guidelines to all assembling plants, get together activities and circulation focuses that make or disseminate Mattel items. GMP requires inward and occasional autonomous checking of Mattel’s execution and its accomplices execution to the measures. Mattel is set up to end associations with the individuals who don't comply5. Mattel’s review includes 83 items and was found by an European retailer toward the beginning of June 2007. Mattel even helped the agreement producer accused for the review, because of utilization of lead paint, to set up its own testing research center, which ought to have prepared for the paint issue. In any case, while Mattel observes severe work laws at its own offices in China, it has additionally followed different producers in depending on many different temporary workers and sub-contractual workers. With a flexibly chain that may contain upwards of 3000 manufacturing plants in China, the errand of value control, reviews and assessments turns out to be progressively difficult6. Undermining the utilization of crude materials, abusing laborers, utilizing kids and offering incentives to maintain a strategic distance from wellbeing assessments are each of the a result of business sectors that have seen the costs of certain products at record-breaking low genuine prices7. Mattel has long periods of assembling experience there before this lead paint incident8. The organization runs its own processing plants in China and has effectively overseen many sellers there throughout the years. Mattel as of now has a broad quality affirmation program (GMP) set up well before the terrible paint work. That program included obligatory quality tests by Mattel’s merchants just as testing of in-process and completed merchandise by Mattel itself. The Toys conveyed were plainly not the ones arranged and determined by Mattel and by one way or another harmful materials had discovered their way into the creation procedure. To attempt to expand benefits providers will frequently switch crude materials for something comparative and less expensive and have great at passing reviews and seeming consistent without really being agreeable. By and large, it is the supplier’s sub-contractual workers and the sub-sub-temporary workers where the switch happens and the more profound down the flexibly chain the difficult exists, the more troublesome it is to spot. A definitive duty regarding the item quality rests with the organization that claims the brand9. Agreements between the companies and the providers plainly specify the materials to be utilized and not to be utilized. For example, toxic paint for toys or azo-colors for articles of clothing are forbidden10. The difficult it appears isn't with the agreement yet with the usage. It is fundamental for Mattel to implement rigid quality controls to get any seller who attempts to deceive them once more. Simultaneously it is likewise basic for Mattel to guarantee this happens well before the items hit the market and get under the control of purchasers, particularly buyers who are kids and helpless. Suggestions Long-term quality confirmation measures: Quality affirmation needs to cover all exercises from structure, advancement, creation, establishment, overhauling and documentation too. Item quality and security have their underlying foundations in the structure procedure. Mattel must screen structures for a scope of security gives well before a section goes into creation. For instance, they could search for strangulation and suffocation, just as part includes that could squeeze, cut or jab a kid much before these plans hit the creation floor. Mattel needs a quality confirmation process that will allow just affirmed crude materials to be utilized in the creation, will check each bunch of merchandise from the sub-temporary worker (and sub-sub-contractual worker) before it arrives at the provider, will check each creation run of completed toys from its providers to guarantee consistence before they arrive at its clients. Mattel likewise needs to build arbitrary investigations by both inner and outside evaluators and quality reviewers. Mattel needs to test disappointment as opposed to test consistence, which is the training in the remainder of the toy industry11. Testing to disappointment has its own advantages as it uncovers underlying drivers of issues in manners that regularly stay covered up with consistence testing. Mattel needs to keep on welcoming autonomous and open observing of its assembling facilities12. To address the above long haul quality affirmation measures, it is suggested that a cross-useful, cross-authoritative and cross-topographical group be made at Mattel. This group, working under the authority of Mr. Jim Walter, will lead Mattel through this emergency and guarantee that all issues that have emerged from the arrangement of item reviews are effectively tended to. Framing the group to address gives that have emerged from the arrangement of item reviews: The group will be accused of creating and executing of overall projects to underscore Mattels pledge to directing business with the most extreme respectability, and keep on improving the companys position of authority in worldwide citizenship. The group will upgrade the previously existing GMP with the expansion of the above suggestions in this manner working as an inside review association that will screen Mattel and merchant offices consistence with Mattels Product Integrity norms. The group must have portrayal from Mattel’s and its obtained company’s structure, advancement, creation, establishment, administration documentation offices, portrayal from Mattel’s suppliers’, sub-temporary workers and sub-sub-contractual workers just as portrayal from inside and outside evaluators. The group will work under the administration of Mr. Jim Walter, if plausible, or under the administration of a reasonable pioneer having comparative experience and involvement in such an item review circumstance. The leader’s job must mirror a blend of a mandate and participative pioneer practices proposed by House’s Path-Goal hypothesis of leadership13. Group choice predicts group execution: Effective groups base part determination in specialized and social skill. A forthcoming group member’s zone of specialized skill, point of view and intrigue should be considered in the light of the undertaking team’s extent of work. Viable groups that emphasis on association wide issues mirror an intentional decent variety of participation across structure, improvement, creation, establishment, administration documentation divisions of Mattel and its obtained organizations, portrayal from Mattel’s suppliers’, sub-contractual workers and sub-sub-temporary workers just as portrayal from inner and outer examiners. Mindful determination forms compare to high part fulfillment and responsibility. Group association and procedures anticipate group execution: A compelling group will build up and hold fast to conduct principles in regards to colleague jobs, group practices, standards, and guidelines. A develop bunch must have a social structure with a few measurements. These measurements incorporate gathering part jobs, job connections, the correspondence system of the gathering and impact designs inside the group14. Normally, successful groups assign an organizer (who could conceivably be a pariah). Ordinarily, the group chief is a powerful task administrator and mentor. Desires for all jobs, including that of group support, are examined and reported. A powerful group will alter jobs, objectives, and undertakings to coordinate individ

Best Rhyming Poems Essay Example For Students

Best Rhyming Poems Essay Outline1 Rhyming Poems2 Song of Myself (1892 rendition) by Walt Whitman3 Humanitad by Oscar Wilde4 The Bells by Edgar Allan Poe Rhyming Poems Verse that rhymes transfers a message through the music of the expressed word. Heres two or three them: Tune of Myself (1892 adaptation) by Walt Whitman 1 I CELEBRATE myself; What's more, what I accept you will expect; For each particle having a place with me, as great has a place with you. I loafe and welcome my Soul; I lean and loafe at my straightforwardness, watching a lance of summer grass. Houses and rooms are brimming with perfumesâ€the racks are packed with fragrances; I inhale the scent myself, and know it and like it; The refining would inebriate me additionally, however I will not let it. The air isn't a perfumeâ€it has no essence of the distillationâ€it is unscented; It is for my mouth foreverâ€I am infatuated with it; I will go to the bank by the wood, and become undisguised and bare; I am distraught for it to be in contact with me. 2 The smoke of my own breath; Echoes, swells, buzz’d murmurs, love-root, silk-string, groin and vine; My breath and motivation, the thumping of my heart, the death of blood furthermore, air through my lungs; The sniff of green leaves and dry leaves, and of the shore, and dim color’d ocean rocks, and of feed in the horse shelter; The sound of the belch’d expressions of my voice, words loos’d to the whirlpools of the breeze; A couple of light kisses, a couple of grasps, a stretching around of arms; The play of sparkle and shade on the trees as the graceful branches sway; The enjoyment alone, or in the surge of the boulevards, or along the fields and slope sides; The sentiment of wellbeing, the full-early afternoon trill, the melody of me ascending from bed and meeting the sun. Have you reckon’d a thousand sections of land a lot? have you reckon’d the earth much? Have you practis’d so long to figure out how to peruse? Have you felt so pleased to get at the importance of sonnets? Stop this day and night with me, and you will have the inception everything being equal; You will have the benefit of the earth and sunâ€(there are a great many suns left;) You will no longer take things at second or third hand, nor glance through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the ghosts in books; You will not glance through my eyes either, nor take things from me: You will tune in to all sides, and channel them from yourself. 3 I have heard what the talkers were talking, the discussion of the start and the end; Be that as it may, I don't discussion of the start or the end. There was never any more origin than there is presently, Nor any more youth or age than there is currently; What's more, will never be any more flawlessness than there is currently, Nor any more paradise or hellfire than there is presently. Desire, and inclination, and desire; Continuously the procreant desire of the world. Out of the shadowiness inverse equivalents advanceâ€always substance and increment, continuously sex; Continuously a sew of identityâ€always distinctionâ€always a variety of life. To expound is no availâ€learn’d and unlearn’d feel that it is so. Sure as the most certain definite, plumb in the uprights, well entretied, propped in the pillars, Bold as a pony, warm, haughty, electrical, I and this puzzle, here we stand. Clear and sweet is my Soul, and clear and sweet is all that isn't my Soul. Need one needs both, and the inconspicuous is demonstrated by the seen, Till that gets inconspicuous, and gets evidence in its turn. Demonstrating the best, and separating it from the most noticeably awful, age vexes age; Knowing the ideal wellness and poise of things, while they examine I am quiet, and go wash and appreciate myself. Welcome is each organ and quality of me, and of any man generous and clean; Not an inch, nor a molecule of an inch, is awful, and none will be less recognizable than the rest. I am satisfiedâ€I see, move, giggle, sing: As the embracing and cherishing Bed-individual rests next to me as the night progressed, and pulls back at the peep of the day, with subtle track, Leaving me crates cover’d with white towels, growing the house with their bounty, Will I delay my usual meaning and acknowledgment, and shout at my eyes, That they abandon looking after and not far off, Also, forthwith figure and show me a penny, Precisely the substance of one, and precisely the substance of two, and which is ahead? 4 Trippers and askers encompass me; Individuals I meetâ€the endless supply of my initial life, or the ward and city I live in, or the country, The most recent dates, revelations, innovations, social orders, creators old and new, My supper, dress, partners, looks, praises, duty, The genuine or liked impassion of some man or lady I love, The affliction of one of my people, or of myself, or sick doing, or misfortune or absence of cash, or despondencies or praises; Fights, the repulsions of fratricidal war, the fever of suspicious news, the erratic occasions; These come to me days and evenings, and go from me once more, However, they are not simply the Me. Aside from the pulling and pulling stands what I am; Stands diverted, self-satisfied, compassionating, inactive, unitary; Looks down, is erect, or twists an arm on an indistinct certain rest, Looking with side-bended head, inquisitive what will come straightaway; Both all through the game, and watching and standing amazed at it. In reverse I find in my own days where I perspired through mist with language specialists and contenders; I have no mockings or argumentsâ€I witness and pause. 5 I trust in you, my Soulâ€the other I am must not demean itself to you; What's more, you should not be demeaned to the next. Loafe with me on the grassâ€loose the prevent from your throat; Not words, not music or rhyme I wantâ€not custom or talk, not even the best; Just the break I like, the murmur of your valved voice. I mind how once we lay, such a straightforward summer morning; How you settled your head athwart my hips, and tenderly turn’d over upon me, Also, separated the shirt from my chest bone, and plunged your tongue to my exposed stript heart, Also, reach’d till you felt my facial hair, and reach’d till you held my feet. Quickly emerged and spread around me the harmony and information that pass all the contention of the earth; Also, I realize that the hand of God is the guarantee of my own, What's more, I realize that the soul of God is the sibling of my own; What's more, that all the men at any point conceived are likewise my siblings, and the ladies my sisters also, sweethearts; Also, that a kelson of the creation is love; Also, boundless are leaves, solid or hanging in the fields; Also, earthy colored ants in the little wells underneath them; Also, overgrown scabs of the worm fence, and heap’d stones, senior, mullen and jab weed. 6 A kid stated, What is the grass? bringing it to me with full hands; How might I answer the kid? I don't have the foggiest idea what it is, anything else than he. I get it must be the banner of my demeanor, out of cheerful green stuff woven. Or on the other hand I get it is the hanky of the Lord, A scented blessing and remembrancer, designedly dropt, Bearing the owner’s name some way or another in the corners, that we may see and comment, and state, Whose? Or on the other hand I surmise the grass is itself a youngster, the created darling of the vegetation. Or on the other hand I get it is a uniform hieroglyphic; What's more, it implies, Sprouting the same in expansive zones and restricted zones, Developing among dark people as among white; Kanuck, Tuckahoe, Congressman, Cuff, I give them the equivalent, I get them the same. What's more, presently it appears to me the lovely whole hair of graves. Softly will I use you, twisting grass; It might be you come to pass from the bosoms of youngsters; It might be on the off chance that I had known them I would have adored them; It might be you are from elderly folks individuals, and from ladies, and from posterity taken soon out of their mothers’ laps; Also, here you are the mothers’ laps. This grass is exceptionally dull to be from the white heads of old moms; Darker than the drab facial hair of elderly people men; Dull to originate from under the swoon red tops of mouths. O I see after all such a large number of articulating tongues! What's more, I see they don't originate from the tops of mouths in vain. I wish I could interpret the indications about the dead youngsters and ladies, Furthermore, the indications about elderly people men and moms, and the posterity removed soon from their laps. What do you think has happened to the youthful and elderly people men? What's more, what do you think has happened to the ladies and kids? They are fit as a fiddle some place; The littlest sprout appears there is actually no demise; Furthermore, if at any time there was, it driven forward life, and doesn't hold up toward the conclusion to capture it, Furthermore, ceas’d the second life appear’d. All goes ahead and outwardâ€nothing breakdown; Furthermore, amazing not the same as what any one assumed, and more fortunate. 7 Has any one guessed it fortunate to be conceived? I rush to illuminate that person, it is similarly as fortunate to bite the dust, and I know it. I pass demise with the perishing, and birth with the new-wash’d angel, and am most certainly not contain’d between my cap and boots; Also, scrutinize complex items, no two the same, and each one great; The earth great, and the stars great, and their assistants all great. I am not an earth, nor an assistant of an earth; I am the mate and friend of individuals, all similarly as undying and fathomless as myself; (They don't have the foggiest idea how unfading, however I know. ) Each sort for itself and its ownâ€for me mine, male and female; For me those that have been young men, and that affection ladies; For me the man that is glad, and feels how it stings to be insulted; For me the darling and the old maidâ€for me moms, and the moms of moms; For me lips that have grinned, eyes that have cried tears; For me kids, and the begetters of kids. Undrape! you are not blameworthy to me, nor stale, nor disposed of; I see through the broadcloth and gingham, regardless of whether or no; What's more, am around, persevering, avaricious, eager, and can't be shaken away. 8 The little one rests in its support; I lift the cloth, and look quite a while, and quietly brush away fl

How to Study Less and Get Better Grades

How to Study Less and Get Better Grades How to Study Less and Get Better Grades Home›Education Posts›How to Study Less and Get Better Grades Education PostsMany students who struggle to get good grades think that successful students have high IQ or study more, or they are perfectionists without social life. While this may be true in some cases, studies show a totally different picture: students who do exceptionally well have a set of study techniques that let them achieve academic success.In this article, we will introduce 3 key study tips that successful students use and that will help you get better grades.Set GoalsSet goals as their absence leads to lack of motivation and impedes your progress. Studies have shown that 94%of students who used SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound) technique when setting goals experienced grade improvement during the semester, while only 5% of those who set a goal in mind without   writing down had a measurable improvement.The Pareto PrincipleThis principle h as proven that students can study less and get good grades at the same time. The principle says the following: 20% of effort gives 80% of the result. You shouldn’t accept it literally, but you should understand that focusing on the main point is far more important than trying to learn all the details, especially when you lack the basic knowledge of a topic. For example, when you need to write a paper on some topic and prepare for the exam, you can order a paper at qualitycustomessays.com and use it as a basis for the research you had no time to conduct and prepare for the exam at the same time.You can use this principle even outside the classroom.Improve your MemoryIt has been found that one of the most important predictors of academic success is having good memory skills. Notice, it is not having a good memory but good memory skills. Students who have good memory skills are likely to excel in all classes while those who have poor memory skills will likely fall behind. If you are a student and want to improve your memory, you should learn memory enhancing techniques, and you will start learning more effectively and will witness an improvement of your grades in no time.So these were the main study tips every student should know in order to get better grades and achieve academic success.

Matrix Overlay To Networking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4278 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. MATRIX OVERLAY TO NETWORKING 3 2.1. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Matrix Overlay To Networking" essay for you Create order Matrix Overlay: 3 2.2. Responsible Autonomy: 3 2.3. Matrix Overlay VS Responsible Autonomy: 4 2.4. Example of Company: 4 2.5. Conclusion: 5 3. CENTRALIZATION TO DECENTRALIZATION 6 3.1. Centralization 6 3.2. Decentralization 6 3.3. Centralization or Decentralization 7 3.4. Examples of company: 8 4. ORGANIZATION TO NETWORKING 10 4.1. Organization 10 4.2. Organizational Structure 11 4.3. Types of Organizational structures 11 4.4. TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES 11 4.5. LINE STRUCTURE 12 4.6. LINE-AND-STAFF STRUCTURE 12 4.7. MATRIX STRUCTURE 12 4.8. Organizational change for enterprise growth 13 4.9. IBM 13 4.10. Toyota Company 14 4.11. Organization structure of Toyota 14 4.12. Networking 14 4.13. Salient Benefits 15 4.14. Outsourcing: a major drive to network formation 15 4.15. The globalization of networking 16 4.16. Trust: a stumbling-block to successful networking 16 4.17. Conclusion 17 5. THE NEW ORGANIZATION (mukulRuchira) 19 6. CONCLUSION (mukulruchira) 19 7. REFERENCE 20 7.1. Paper Based Resources 20 7.2. Electronic Resources 20 INTRODUCTION MATRIX OVERLAY TO NETWORKING Matrix Overlay: It is to explain organizational structure based on optimal coordination of interaction among actives. The main idea is that each manager is cabala of detecting and coordinating interactions only within his limited areas of expertise. Only the CEO can coordinate companywide interactions, optimal design of the organization trades of the costs and benefits of various configurations of managers. Responsible Autonomy: The responsible autonomy is an individual or a group has autonomy to decide what to do but is accountable for the outcomes of the decisions it might be called no rule or no external rule, Responsible Autonomy means to address the difficulties in applying direct control strategies in seeks to encourage creativity and innovation by developing an informal working environment for respective manager and technical staff a conceptual frame work is develop on relationship between management control strategies and information system project risks. Matrix Overlay VS Responsible Autonomy: According to Bryan and Joyce, they argued that â€Å"today’s big companies do very little to enhance the productivity of their professional structures , retrofitted with ad hoc and matrix overlays nearly always make professional works more complex and inefficient.† Organizations in 21st century are not fit for 21st century workers. Comparably in responsible autonomy is form of organization in which groups of workers decide for themselves what to do, but should be accountable for the outcome. It is a open source work. It gets the people well connected to each other in organization which help to make more innovations and explore knowledge. Example of Company: The Unilever, the basic organisational unit is the country-based sales and marketing team. Now when categories are increasingly internationally and needed to manage globally. As a result Unilever has category managers at global and regional levels. And recently, brands are now stretched across categories like Vaseline is a brand and in Vaseline enter the deodorant or shampoo categories. So therefore it’s necessary to have a brand management function or process above the level of category. Same issues arise in supply side, as in manufacturing and purchasing increasingly need to managed not only across the brands and categories but also across the countries and regions. Therefore these companies involve a complex network of relationships between interdependent units, working together in a matrix structure. The only three ways to get things done that is to coordinate to an organization these are Hierarchy: has been a most the commonly used way of combining system, culture, leader ship and power; the four key feature of an organization. And it is also most common and often thought of as the only way. Now the time is ripe for change in order to thrive we need to get rid of our addiction to hierarchy. Biased in our factors and re enforced by long cultured tradition, we need to move to more cooperative, smart and accountable ways of organizing. Therefore depending on its purpose and size, organizations will need to blend in various degrees of heterachy and responsible autonomy. In its hierarchy dominated matrix. Some of the key factors to pull away from hierarchy are individual skills, rewards system and more participatory governance systems, Heterarchy: In this concept it describes as divided, supported or dispersed rule where control shifts around depending on the project and the personality, skills, experience and enthusiasm of those who can make things happen. Responsible autonomy: In this concept the teams of employees decide what to do but remain accountable for the result. Conclusion: Today’s big companies do very little to enhance the productivity of their professionals. In fact, their vertically oriented organizational structures, retrofitted with ad hoc and matrix overlays, nearly always make professional work more complex and inefficient.† In other words, 21st-century organizations are not fit for 21st-century workers. The models and frameworks that shaped our leading organizations from the end of the second world war through the conclusion of the cold war are clearly obsolete in this new era of e-business, perpetual innovation and global competition.† The design of today’s complex enterprises, says Mercer Delta, requires an entirely new way of thinking about organizations. Trust is the driving issue here, and one that you will find about implementing new management techniques and new technology to empower innovation creators. Network person can add tremendous amount of value to a large organisation. However, to get the mos t out of their, Senior Management has to trust him. Senior Management to trust him with key information about the company’s strategies and challenges. Senior management has to trust him to make decisions. Finally, Senior Management has to trust him with all the tools she will need to communicate with the rest of the company. CENTRALIZATION TO DECENTRALIZATION To know about centralization to decentralization, we need to know the definition of centralization and decentralization and how organization works under these states. Centralization It is a state under which organizational and management decisions and strategies are decides by the single authorities and where resources underutilized, less motivation to the employees, lack of knowledge sharing and less moral of the employees causes the conflicts and errors in the management. Decentralization It is a state of the organization run under the subunits of management and decisions are made on the lower level and it would be the best definition if you say the lower the level where the decision are made the greater is the decentralization. . Factors involved in decentralization. There are plenty of reason which leads an organization centralized to decentralized. Decision making authorities are not aware of the local knowledge which could effect the decisions. The less the managerial force in decision-making will not get the desirable motivational effect and managers have not much control over the results. Targets and achievements of overall organization is not the responsibility of every manager, everyone is liable for his own code of conduct and its directly effects the goals of the company. The application of services are not fully utilized because they are forced to do the certain job which cause of insufficient results. Centralized process cannot divide labour as perfect as decentralized did and even in the time of need to improve deficiency or inefficiency by moving their working force around and they can do so without the approval of top management. Example. Consider the Dallas Cowboys of the early 90’s, where Jerry Jones the owner had final say over all personnel decisions to the New England Patriots of today, where numerous individuals throughout the organization have an input on personnel decisions. By trusting the individuals within the organization to obtain accurate information and use their minds to provide appropriate analysis, the Patriots are able to take advantage of division of labor and allows for multiple individuals to give input on players. Decentralization has proven so successful for the Patriots (via seemingly always finding cheap players to replace expensive stars) that the Cowboys have now moved toward a more decentralized structure. https://www.answers.com/topic/decentralization https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4020.html https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/index.php/Kellogg/article/when_should_firm_decentralize https://www.adampieniazek.com/management/centralization-vs-decentralization/ Centralization or Decentralization Normally, centralized decision making is one of the strategies which is using by the international and global organisation, decentralized decision making is the multidomestic strategy. The decision making of centralized is the senior manager who has experience and expertise in the organisation and they are controlling the whole organisation. This is good for headquarter to control the organisation and make sure it always following the strategy of the organisation, reducing the risk of the lower-level employees make. But this is really hard for management to motivate their employees and they will wait to be told what to do, secondly the top management level will hard to get information from the bottom line and this is going to cause missed communication between manager and their employees (John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S, p526). Decentralised decision making base on the local managers and they can decide what to do, because they know a lot about the local environment so that the y can deal in the right way. In most of the organisation top managers are not contact with the customers, competitors, suppliers and markets directly, so they do not really know the right decision for practically case. Therefore, decentralized decision making providing an opportunity for the line managers to decide what to do and make the right decision. Decentralized strategy can encourage the line managers to exercise initiative and motivate the lower level employees to do greater job. On the other hand, if there are lots of bad decisions are made then the organisation will be in the risk and also the performance of the organisation may get change (John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S, p527). Above all different organisations have their own strategies and they will follow their strategy to make the organisation become global and international organisation. Therefore, centralized and decentralized strategies are the way for organisations to approach into global market, consider on d ifferent culture that the organisation will choose either centralized or decentralized strategy to mange their organisation. Reference: John, D.D Lee, H.H Daniel, P.S.(2007), International business environment and operations, eleven edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Examples of company: Johnson Johnson (Decentralized) JJ has more than 250 operating companies in 57 countries and is employing 117,000 people all around the world. They are completely example of decentralized organization with success. According to an interview between William Weldon, chairman and CEO of the JohnsonJohnson and [email  protected]/* */, he believes that to be decentralized have lots of challenges with great opportunities as well. Local management structure helps to understand the consumer, the people, the government and the needs in the marketplace. Because they grew up in those markets, understand those markets and develop themselves in those markets. To run business locally is easier than run it from the U.S. JJ has strong leadership and management framework that is way being decentralized is not a reason to lose control . The other thing that decentralization does is that it gives company a tremendous opportunity to develop people. Another great benefit is when people make a mistake it does not affect on whole company but the problem with centralization is if one person makes one mistake, it can cripple the whole organization. On the other hand decentralized corporate structure gives people freedom to create new products and ideas. This makes JJ more innovative company and competitive in the market. (Johnson Johnson CEO William Weldon: Leadership in a Decentralized Company, 25 June,2008) (https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?arti cleid=2003) NILAY HP: (Centralized) Hewlett-Packard had decentralized structure in the 1970s with a lot of small divisions then in the early 1980s they became centralized because three divisions were not well-matched with each other. But in this case they realized that system obstruct innovation and talent. HP has changed management structure in 199 0 but this time company suffered lack of coordination then centralized in 1994, swung back to decentralized units in 1998 and finally returned to centralized in 2000. ((https://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1058040.html) According to Lampman, Director of HP Labs â€Å"The company came from a pretty long tradition of a very highly decentralized business model, and if anything, that probably reached its zenith in the mid to late 1990s and while that model actually worked very well for us in the past, both in the early days of the company and even in the period since we got into computer systems in al lot of ways it fundamentally broke down as we found ourselves in system businesses which required more integration and a more intensively competitive environment which required a lot more leveraging of the assets that we have.† Having centralized management structure is making stronger their following points: HP minimized broke down in computer system becaus e of less integration. HP got compatibility between products across the entire business and they get consumer experience using simple way. HP believes that a move to centralization was also a move to improved alignment. They completely disagree that being centralized cause negative impact on innovation. (Thinking Strategically in turbulent times, Alan M. Glassman, Deone Zell, Shari Duron, M.E Sharpe Inc. , 2005. Edition 2nd. NILAY ORGANIZATION TO NETWORKING Organization An organization is a group of people with same aims, goals and achievements and social arrangement which controls its own performance. Organizations can be regarded as people management systems. They range from simple hierarchies along traditional lines to complex networks dependent on computer systems and telecommunications. Human resource managers can encourage organizations to adopt strategies (for their structures) which foster both cost-effectiveness and employee commitment. Organizational structures can be classified into a number of types, including functional, divisional, matrix, federations and networks. There are many examples of organizations but among the most successful organizations are Coca-Cola and Toyota Motor Corporation. These organizations represent companies that operate for very long time very successfully in global business. These companies are in first 100 top companies in the world. The Coca-Cola Company operates in more than 200 countries and markets with nearly 500 brands and 3,000 beverage products. Toyota Corporation is currently the worlds largest automaker. Organizational Structure Every organization to be effective must have an organizational structure. It is the form of structure that determines the hierarchy and the reporting structure in the organization. It is also called organizational chart. There are different types of organization structures that companies follow depending on a variety of things; it can be based on geographical regions, products or hierarchy. To put it simply an organizational structure is a plan that shows the organization of work and the systematic arrangement of work. Types of Organizational structures TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES Traditional organizational structures focus on the functions, or departments, within an organization, closely following the organizations customs and bureaucratic procedures. These structures have clearly defined lines of authority for all levels of management. Two traditional structures are line and line-and-staff. LINE STRUCTURE The line structure is defined by its clear chain of command, with final approval on decisions affecting the operations of the company still coming from the top down. Because the line structure is most often used in small organizations—such as small accounting offices and law firms, hair salons, and mom-and-pop stores—the president or CEO can easily provide information and direction to subordinates, thus allowing decisions to be made quickly. LINE-AND-STAFF STRUCTURE While the line structure would not be appropriate for larger companies, the line-and-staff structure is applicable because it helps to identify a set of guidelines for the people directly involved in completing the organizations work. This type of structure combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that service, advice, and support them. Based on the companys general organization, line-and-staff structures generally have a centralized chain of command. The line-and-staff managers have direct authority over their subordinates, but staff managers have no authority over line managers and their subordinates. Because there are more layers and presumably more guidelines to follow in this type of organization, the decision-making process is slower than in a line organization. MATRIX STRUCTURE A variation of the line-and-staff organizational structure is the matrix structure. In todays workplace, employees are hired into a functional department (a department that performs a specific type of work, such as marketing, finance, accounting, and human resources) but may find themselves working on projects managed by members of another department. Organizations arranged according to project are referred to as matrix organizations. Matrix organizations combine both vertical authority relationships (where employees report to their functional manager) and horizontal, or diagonal, work relationships (where employees report to their project supervisor for the length of the project). Workers are accountable to two supervisors—one functional manger in the department where the employee regularly works and one special project manager who uses the employees services for a varying period of time Because the matrix structure is often used in organizations using the line-and-staff setup, its also fairly centralized. However, the chain of command is different in that an employee can report to one or more managers, but one manager typically has more authority over the employee than the other manager(s). Organizational change for enterprise growth IBM During the mid-1990s, IBM revitalized its market strategy and product line architecture The need for this strategic and product line renewal could not have been more pressing. In 1990, IBM reported net earnings of approximate $6 billion. A year later, it reported a small net loss. In 1992, the loss approached $7 billion. By 1993, losses exceeded $8 billion! Market innovation was an important aspect of IBMs turnaround defined compelling user needs and frustrations, and drove these into new product designs in both hardware and software. IBM moved from a transactions processing orientation for all large corporate users, to an e-business consumer and focus within specific vertical markets. Toyota Company Toyota Motor Company was founded in 1937 by the Toyoda family. Business was relatively unsuccessful until Eiji Toyoda introduced the method of lean production after studying Ford’s Rouge plant in Detroit in 1950.This lean production method became known as the Toyota Production System. The production executive, Taiichi Ohno, successfully helped Toyoda improve his company using this new production method and mode of thinking. Organization structure of Toyota Toyota employees and executive’s one quickly learn the word â€Å"I† instead of â€Å"we†. Employees are encouraged to share information and because higher ranking employee are encouraged to serve as mentor of lower level employee. Toyota has a more horizontal organizational structure â€Å"Matrix structure† Toyota’s use of matrix structure gives the company significant advantage because people working with â€Å"responsibility without authority† challenge to uncover truth and find solutions. Networking Both large and small organizations are increasingly required to network or enter into strategic alliances with other firms, in order to achieve success. Strategic inter-organizational alliances and networking (through technology) are becoming the keys in managing organizations in the 1990s. Many firms (both small and large) have now realized the need for business alliances. In this perspective, firms use a variety of strategies to create an alliance with other firms, through people who can help their business grow. This process involves a variety of means and instruments which include networking with friends and colleagues, joining professional organizations, hiring skilled professionals for special needs, client referral development and the use of sophisticated information systems-networks. Networks are transforming the roles of employees in organizations. The back office has moved to the front and the new technology has changed many career paths. Salient Benefits It can serve as a transitional stage to help organizations to become leaner, more innovative and responsive in order to meet today’s organizational challenge to change. Enterprise networking also offers more timely, cost effective and integrated ways to make information available throughout an entire enterprise. Enterprise networking techniques are also being used to eliminate routine tasks. Outsourcing: a major drive to network formation An outcome of outsourcing has been the growth in the number of integrated companies, which are vendors that offer companies a customized network of vehicles, drivers, dispatchers, managers and transport control systems? In the strictest sense of the word, outsourcing refers to the transfer of assets, such as computers, networks and people, from a using organization to a service vendor, which then assumes under long-term contract the responsibility for the outsourced activity. Current examples of this arrangement include Digital Equipment Corporation’s operation of Kodak’s network and MCI’s and IBM’s operation of Merrill Lynch’s network. EDS and Texas Air formed a joint venture to provide reservation systems; EDS paid $250 million to Texas Air for assets of System One subsidiary transferred to joint venture; EDS acquired 2,300 of 3,000 System One employees under ten-year facilities management contract. Chevron and IBM will manage the SNA n etwork, ATT the private voice network, Hughes the retail point-of-sale network at 2,000 service stations. The globalization of networking Within Europe networks are a key means in a recently concluded five-year nation-wide, action-research-based Swedish work reform effort involving more than 100 organizations in various networks. This was called the Leadership, Organization and Co-determination (LOM) programmed. Perhaps the most popular European examples of networking are found in Denmark. In 1989, the Danish government earmarked $25 million to create a networking programmed. Companies joined in groups of three, four and five to chase exports and expand their product lines. Manufacturers pooled resources and skills, technology and information. Companies in the service sector combined research, training and marketing. Within 18 months, 3,500 of Denmark’s enterprises (ranging from law firms to furniture makers) were operating in these networks. Trust: a stumbling-block to successful networking It is widely understood and accepted that trust is a fundamental prerequisite to any successful networking arrange ment. However, strategic alliances should not be regarded as â€Å"quick-fix† management solutions. Many alliances are plagued by clashing cultures and conflicting interests. If alliance partners are not pulling together in the same direction or have not agreed on how to measure success, there are going to be problems. Potential conflicts with members of the alliance can be lessened through agreements that are carefully drawn up at the outset as well as through reinforcement of the informal ties between members. Risk sharing and the establishment of long-lasting trust (through social ties) are what binds networked companies together. When reaching out and taking risks with another company, trust is vital. This is why the interplay between the business rationale and the social fabric becomes so prominent. What must be borne in mind is that involvement builds knowledge and knowledge tends to build trust. REFERENCE?_ASIF_NADYA_ANICA Conclusion Combination of strategy, structure and management. The move from a functional organization to an integrated one is a major undertaking that may take years to implement effectively. However, the time constraint is of no real consequence. Today’s corporate partners are less interested in short-term ventures designed to save a few dollars and more focused on long-term alliances where gains are made over many years. Alliances are therefore constructed as effective means to acquire access to new markets and special expertise, or to beat others to market. Strategic alliances are also becoming increasingly necessary to support innovative activities. In these perspectives, strategic alliances are increasingly required to pool resources, skills and risk capital to maintain industrial competitiveness in a hypercompetitive global marketplace. The need for alliances is also driven by rapidly advancing technology Networking is the ability to develop and cultivate a large and diverse g roup of people who will gladly and continually refer business to one another. In a structural sense, networks offer a promising alternative to the two-dimensional lens of strategy and structure through which most senior managers evaluate their organizations. Over time, the members of the network influence values and behaviour both above and below them in the larger organization. Networking is, in effect, reaching out and creating visibility for oneself and one’s company in niche or target markets. It is also the process of targeting and getting involved in associations, groups, clubs or other organizations where the customers and prospects in a niche market spend time with one another. In recent years, the rise of the â€Å"network† form of organization has been dramatic. Even economic sectors that were traditionally driven by conventional business and organizational rationales have espoused this novel form. Among such sectors are the healthcare sector, local and state public-service organizations, the oil industry and the insurance industry. What is also important to note is that networking is quickly following the rationales of the global economy and, as a result, we are now witnessing the formation of networks on a global scale. References: Zeffane, R.M. (1994), â€Å"Inter-organizational alliance and networking: the role of technology†, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Zeffane, R.M,The widening scope of inter-organizational networking: economic, sectoral and social dimensions Rachid Zeffane Paul F. TakakOutsourcing Technology https://www.slideshare.net/ahmad1957/organizational-structure-1340467 https://www.npd-solutions.com/orgstructure.html https://www.skyrme.com/insights/1netorg.htm https://ezinearticles.com/?Organizational-Structure,-Creativity,-Innovationid=21591 https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=tIUUA09yylsCpg https://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/heritage/ourheritage.html https://www.coca-cola.com/index.jsp https://www.coca-cola.com/template1/index.jsp?locale=en_GB https://www.toyota-industries.com/product/ https://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/sustainability/Pages/KeytoToyota%27ssuccess.aspx https://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/ne tworking/article58210.html https://exchange.diamondconsultants.com/pdf/Network_Org_White_Paper.pdf https://www.economy-point.org/n/network-organization.html THE NEW ORGANIZATION (mukulRuchira) CONCLUSION (mukulruchira) I PUT THIS LIST FOR EXAMPLE? PLEASE WRITE YOUR REFERENCE LIKE IN THIS LIST REFERENCE Paper Based Resources Slomon John, Economics, 2006 (6th Edition), Pearson Education Ltd., England Slomon John, Essentials of Economics, 2007 (4th Edition), Pearson Education Ltd., England Electronic Resources Web 1: Mercer’s Quality of Living Survey [online] (cited 7 march 2009) available from www.mercer.com Web 2: The Underground Economy definition [online] (cited 7 march 2009) available from (https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm= TCE Param =A1ARTA0008198, Canadian Encyclopedia).

Cave Paintings Essay - 958 Words

Creating art is one of the single defining factors that set humans apart from animal species. Through art, humans are able to express their innermost ideas and feelings, without having the difficulty of trying to find the correct words to accurately describe their thought processes. Works of art can help us to understand the people who have come before us. This is evidenced by the knowledge humans have discovered of prehistoric men and their symbolic cave paintings. The expression, style, and meaning vary and archaeologists put in much effort to uncover these works. The first evidence of cave art appeared in Western Europe (Berenguer 67). Early cave paintings were characteristic of Western art. They were supported by an acute vision,†¦show more content†¦It is often found to be extremely animalistic. The animals most commonly depicted are horses, deer, reindeer, bison, ipex, aurochs, woolly rhinoceroses, and mammoths. Sometimes lions and bears are also created, but rarely fi sh or birds. Humans were also commonly represented (Berenguer 73). Prehistoric men also created abstract designs that have proven hard to identify. They are referred to as signs and a special nomenclature has been developed to better understand their meaning. Tectiforms are generally quadrangular shapes, with crossing vertical lines inside forming a trellis or mesh design. Tectiforms often appear near naturalistic figures of animals. Scutiforms have been thought to represent the female vulva. They are formed by red patches, often in the form of a comma or a key. Other types of signs are penniforms, ramiforms, and claviforms. The exact meanings of most of these signs remain unknown (Berenguer 82). The French scholar Leroi-Gourhan formed a theory regarding the animalistic and abstract art representations. He believed all depictions revolved around the law of sex, noting that the philosophy of the prehistoric men concentrated all explanations on sex and sexual relations. Cave art depic tions of animals are divided into male and female. The male animals are horses, she-goats, and deer. Bison, bovidae, and mammoths are female. The signs are also divided into gender categories. Triangles, rectangles, ramiforms, tectiforms, and scutiforms areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cave Paintings1253 Words   |  6 Pages The Cave of Lascaux and Cave Art nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cave paintings might possibly be the oldest known form of communication that exists today. Cave paintings date back to a period of time called the Paleolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age took place from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. Prehistoric Age is divided into three parts: Paleolithic being the earliest, Mesolithic being the middle at 10,000 B.C. and Neolithic Age being the latest at 8,000 B.C. During the Paleolithic Age it is believed thatRead More The Unwritten History of Cave Paintings Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pageswas cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational behind the art. Questions arise like, â€Å"why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves† and is this part of the foundation of the origin of human life as we know it? ( Beacon) The ecumenical belief is rooted at history, cave paintingsRead MoreCave Paintings Such As Those At Lascaux And Altamira2077 Words   |  9 Pages What are common motifs found in cave paintings such as those at Lascaux and Altamira? Summarize the current theories about their original meaning and purpose Cave paintings are seen now in our society is a snapshot of just what they people during that time cherished when it comes to prehistoric art. The Lascaux brought about many things and showed historians what the appreciated most during that time. In this cave, there were many depicted cows, bulls, and dear along the natural ledges of the rockRead MoreCave Paintings In The Film Cave Of Forgotten Dreams820 Words   |  4 Pagesthe clues left behind of how humans used to live. When asked to recreate cave paintings a common drawing some might think of stick figures. The actuality of the cave paintings is that they are incredibly detailed and are able to show the artistic talent of the cavemen and women. In the film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, it focuses on a cave in southern France and the intricate paintings and artifacts found inside. The cave dates to around 30,000 years ago and there is a unique aspect of how everythingRead MoreThe Cave Paintings Of Chauvet Pont D Arc Cave1038 Words   |  5 Pages The cave paintings of Chauvet-Pont-D Arc are one of the oldest prehistoric sites in the world. It is located in the Ardeche region of southern France. Chauvet-Pont-D Arc cave was only discovered as recently as 1994. Jean-Marie Chauvet and his team of cavers just happened to stumble upon it when they removed a rumble of stones that blocked the passageway (Introduction to the Cave). This is such an extraordinary piece of art history due to the time period a nd what it can tell us about our historyRead MoreDiscovering Prehistory : Chapter 11687 Words   |  7 Pages The author Joy McCorriston, was a student at the Institute of Archaeology in London and found out about the chance to visit the Lascaux cave from a radio show contest. Although she didn’t â€Å"win† she was lucky enough to join the tour. She listens to stories from Monsieur Jaceues Marshal, a discoverer of the cave and the cave’s guard as she gets to tour the cave. Lascaux Cave’s discovery had come about because four local boys found a hiding place to tease and abandon an outsider, a Jewish boy sentRead MoreThe Evolution of Graphic Design792 Words   |  3 Pagessets were popular, painting was the main form of graphic design. Paintings date back through time to the Paleolithic ages when paintings were made on the cave walls of local tribes. It is speculated by Josà © Luis Sanchidrià ¡n, that the earliest paintings were most likely to have been created by Neanderthals instead of early modern humans. One notable example of an ancient painting is the Grott e Chauvet, located in France and estimated to be about 32,000 years old. The paintings were made using redRead MoreEssay on Cosque Cave820 Words   |  4 PagesCosque Cave Many, many years ago, a cave was in use, and many paintings, drawings, and engravings were put on the walls of the cave. About ten years ago, a man was diving in the Mediterranean and came across something that no one would ever think about finding. It was a prehistoric painted cave with an underwater entrance. It is known today as the Cosquer cave. Jean Cosquer, a professional diver, discovered the cave. He was diving for no particular reason, and foundRead MoreTaking a Look at Cave Art691 Words   |  3 Pagesthink of cave art you may think of it is a way of just communicating or it does not really have much meaning to it. But when you really look into the art you find so much more. It’s amazing what you can find about the humans in the past just through their art, you get to find out where did they creativity come from and why did they create. In this essay I am going to discuss what made the features on the cave so special? And why were they made? The stunning prehistoric cave art at AltamiraRead MoreIran Before and After the Revolution Essay794 Words   |  4 Pageshuman was creating markings on the surfaces of the caves and , since the down of civilization , on the walls of ancient structures Although in certain cases motivations to produce such marks are covered by mystery , wall paintings , and engravings definitely serve as factual evidence of humans presence along various locations . The appearance and production of techniques of graffiti have been varying throughout decades , but cave paintings of prehistoric period , ancient engravings , or

A Research Based Evaluation On Targets - 998 Words

The first target 7.1 is partially measurable if we encompass the entire world and it’s disparities. Universal access to these energy sources would require an increased cooperation of the world countries that is not absolutely certain in the next fifteen years. In the second target 7.2, the increase of the share of renewable energy is not quantified and reveals the limits of feasibility of this target. The third target 7.3 is imprecise and therefore not really measurable since doubling the actual global rate of improvement in energy efficiency implies knowing the actual global rate of improvement, which is not defined. The fourth target 7.a is clearly quantified by its sub-targets and therefore is more accurate and measurable than the previous ones. The fifth and last target 7.b is more concise and realistic than the others as it establish a parallel between different categories of countries and takes in account their respective programs of support. As a result, this target tends to be measurable. II. Research based evaluation on targets measurability The first target 7.1 and the fourth target 7.a are related in the sense that ensuring universal access to modern energy sources would require an enhanced international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology. These targets are being analyzed and planified by several researches that claim that they are feasible. Accordingly, providing modern, reliable and affordable global energy sources byShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Professional Training On The Community It Serves, It s Resources, And Activities1547 Words   |  7 Pagesaimed at helping to integrate research and best practices (Royce et al., 2015). The purpose of an evaluation is to assess a program’s value to the community it serves, it’s resources, and activities that enrich the learning of its members (Mondisa McComb, 2015). Proponents of STEM on the national and local levels have invested tremendous resources to augment and grow programs that support the National Science Foundation ’s three key policies regarding education evaluation. As pointed out by KatzenmeyerRead MoreMonitoring And Evaluation Of Water Related Climate Change Adaptation Interventions1455 Words   |  6 Pagesprovince, this research aims to find out the optimal approach for monitoring and evaluation of water-related climate change adaptation interventions. Reviewing the different current approaches in monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation interventions will provide the hints and ideas to develop the optimal approach to monitor and evaluate water-related climate change adaptation interventions at the local community. I have critiqued the current monitoring and evaluation systems of climateRead Moreï‚ §Implement Campaign Evaluation Strategy Which:. Ocomment1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï‚ § Implement campaign evaluation strategy which: o Comment on advertisement content and how it was developed. Comments: The designed advertisement for Coke Zero focuses on the truth and facts provided by the industrial researchers and medical professionals. It provides the transparent information of how the products help to keep customers healthy and fit and will not incur any negative health effects. Different age of customers and different customer segments found it as the economic, easy to approachRead MoreSocial Evaluation Of Social Evaluations1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthat an individual learn how to make proper social evaluations. Social evaluations increasingly become important from childhood to adulthood as social relationships become more complex (Arnett, 1999). Arnett noted that from childhood to adulthood, important social evaluations begin to surface and evolve into more complex forms of judgment. Over time, the ability to discern a person’s trustworthiness and approachability becomes a vital social evaluation (Campellone Kring, 2013). An individual’s judgmentRead MoreDisc uss the Role of Product Positioning in Consumer Buying Decision Process and Whether Consumer Involvement Impacts on the Role of Product Positioning in the Decision Process1121 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess which marketers employ to select target markets. Segmentation is the process of ordering consumers into groups with similar product interests or needs. Targeting involves a company determining which market segments it believes it can satisfy, and then choosing an appropriate targeting strategy for the segments. Positioning is how consumers perceive a brand or product, particularly in relation to other brands and products. The relation between target segments and product positioning is dependentRead MoreShort Promotional Video For Marketing1654 Words   |  7 PagesSummary The Research Project question I chose was â€Å"What is the best way to make a short promotional video for marketing?† I chose this question because it combined two different interests of mine, which include marketing and filming/directing/acting. I wanted to learn more about how videos can be effective in marketing and how they can be filmed to communicate a message about a product, service, or company. This information could be beneficial to not only me, but also to other filming enthusiastRead MoreThe Infrastructure Of The Cloud Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagescertify the resources. Hence a third party authority generally called as the cloud auditor should verify and certify the service instance which is generally termed as attestation process. Principles of Attestation Process The process of attestation is based on five principles [11], which if adhered can guarantee that the trusts gained in the earlier phase are certified for correctness. First principle suggests that the system must be able to deliver fresh information for the appraiser to make differentRead MoreShould The Intervention Be Effective?1498 Words   |  6 PagesPre/Post tests are generally considered a reliable source to evaluate if an intervention is being effective (Dimitrov Rumrill, 2015). Another evaluation tool to see if the intervention has been effective will be the HPV vaccination rate that is release by the Florida. If the rate goes up at the sites and the providers that have participated in the research then it could be considered reliable due to specificity. The educational interventions that are completed at the Lake county health departmentRead MoreProposal Critique: Partnership for Childhood Injury Prevention (PCIP) Pediatric Service Providers Training Program853 Words   |  3 Pageswould fully fund the project. . Abstract and Summary The abstract identifies the applicant, project title, purpose of the proposed project. In the abstract, the reader can find the significance of the problem and the authors understanding of the research problem. The abstract delineates applicant capability with respect to project implementation, and identified an anticipated end result. Moreover, the proposed budget is included in the abstract. The abstract clearly describes the purpose of the projectRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1262 Words   |  6 Pageskey process evaluation components: Context-aspects of the larger social environment that may affect implementation; Reach-the proportion of the intended audience to whom the program is actually delivered; Dose-delivered-The amount of intended units of each program component that is delivered; Dose-received-the extent to which participants engage with the program; Fidelity-the extent to which the intervention was delivered as intended ( Bartholomew et al., 2011. p.526). Program evaluation is an important

A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example For Students

A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Unlike most essays, Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal is written for the reader to see through what the narrator is expressing. The narrator does not want the reader to agree that the solution to overpopulation and poverty in Ireland is to eat babies, he wants the reader to see there needs to be a practical solution. By stating the advantages and objections to his proposal, using ironic words and phrases, he directs the reader not to see the apparent, but the implicit. Swifts narrative voice metaphorically compares the Irish to pigs and cows, which implies the Irish are being treated subhumanly. Although something seems one way to the narrator, Jonathan Swift wants the reader to see it in an opposite light. We will write a custom essay on A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Firstly, the narrative voice begins the essay by describing the deplorable conditions in which the Irish peasants are living. He demonstrates there is a serious problem with a great need for a solution. He then suggests a solution and then lists a whole list of advantages. His propsal of eating the Irish babies is followed by advantages such as by the sale of their children, the parents would be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year(14). Another advantage is, as Swift put it, the poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own(14). These quotations imply that the poorer tenants have nothing of value and that they would have to resort to selling their own flesh and blood in order to earn an income; they also do not take into consideration that the parents might want to have a family and children who will live with them past the age of one year. A decrease in the meat consumed by Ireland would lead to an advantage of the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef(14). A quotation such as this asks the residents of Ireland to eat human flesh to improve exportation. All the advantages he suggests are true: if his proposal was put into action, these would be benefits, but he is asking the poor to sell their children for consumption. The large population and poor living conditions of Irish peasants are matters which need to be taken care of. By means of downplaying his modest proposal, the narrator leads the reader to believe his proposal is rationale. He even goes as far as saying, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection(1) before he introduces the solution of eating infants. Of course there will be objections to this outrageous recommendation as it is a ridiculous notion. The suggestion of eating young children is most definitely not humble. He also proclaims, he can think of no one objection that will be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom.(15). There are objections and they include more than just concerns about the population numbers. The Irish are being asked to consider ideas of selling their children for profit and cannibalism. If this idea is to go beyond just a proposal, the values of society should be questioned. If this is to be contemplated as a legiti mate solution, the values of society should also be examined thoroughly, I might add. Throughout the essay, ironic words and phrases are used to make the reader see that there is a discrepancy between the stated word or phrase and the implied meaning. The title of Swifts essay, A Modest Proposal implies that his suggestion will be one of insubstantial content, something simple and unassuming. As a solution to the poor standard of living of the Irish, the narrator suggests eating children of about one year old. This recommendation is ludicrous and not simple at all. The narrator is asking the Irish to revert to cannibalism, which not just eating other human beings, it includes their own children. When the narrator begins to introduce this preposterous proposal, he comments, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection. (11) He proposes the idea of eating the young and then downplays this ridiculous notion as being humble. Although the narrator is suggesting an appalling idea, he minimizes it as a humble th ought by claiming it is something simple or unpretentious and then continues to report that there will be no objections to his way of thinking. The narrator uses the term carcass more than once to describe the children being discussed. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary defines a carcass as the dead body of an animal, especially one slaughtered for its meat(138). By using the word carcass, the narrator exhibits that the Irish peasants are thought of as subhuman. Despite suggesting an outlandish notion, he is trying to make others see that there is a problem and it needs to be solved. Metaphors are used continuously throughout this essay to parallel the Irish peasants to animals. Before introducing the proposal, the narrator compares Americans to savages when he states, a very knowing American(11) told him that a child of one year makes wholesome food(11). They are treated like animals by the English and their landlords. The narrator also discusses eating the Irish infants, lik e one would a piece of animal flesh. The Irish peasants are constantly portrayed as animals. For example, Pigsare no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown, fat yearling child, (14) compares the babies directly to pigs. While introducing his proposal to the reader, he talks of how infants flesh will be in season throughout the year(11). This confirms the narrator writing about the Irish as if they are animals that will become a new excellent nutritive meat(12) one could pick up at the market. Furthermore, the narrator metaphorically compares the poor treatment of the Irish to animals when writing, the landlords have already devoured most of the parents(11) of these children. The landlord have devoured the parents in the sense of excessive taxation and collecting high rent. The parents are paralleled to animals and dehumanized by being referred to as breeders several times in the essay. Lastly, the children are depicted almost as a form of currency. The sale of the c hildren for food is to pay their parents debts. The infants emerge as a form of collateral from this proposal. By using metaphors, the treatment of the Irish peasants as less than human by the English is depicted. .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postImageUrl , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:visited , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active { border:0!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus EssayListing advantages and claiming that there will be no objections, the narrator rationalizes his solution and consequently makes the reader believe his suggestion will be one of insignificant content. He captures the attention of the reader by using irony, which is firstly evident in the title of the essay, A Modest Proposal. His tone of voice detaches him emotionally by supporting this proposal with examples of how animals are bred, proposing that children be bred the same way. In conclusion, the narrator is deeply angry about the way in which the English treat the Irish peasants and he thinks something should be done. By stating the problems and proposing an extreme solution, he works with irony throughout the essay to allow his reader to see things on the flip-side. Swifts proposal is an antithesis to get the reader to see the contrary. Bibliography:Work CitedCarcass. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary. 2000 ed. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. Introduction to Literature. Eds. Isobel Findlay et. al. 4th ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 2001. 9-16.

IM Unique Because... free essay sample

Im Unique Because Being that I have many talents and that family is an important factor in my life makes me who I am. We all have things in common but no one is exactly the same. That’s what makes us unique from one another. We stand out, and make of ourselves what we want people to portray us as, who we want to become in life, and who we want to be known as. I’m unique because I am multi talented. I am a songwriter/produce/ musician, poet, dancer, an actress.When I am home I write and produce my own music, and later mix down my vocals. That is one of the things I do on my spare time. I have a passion for each of my talents. My sound is unique but not so different from what you here on the radio. Although I listen to many genres of music I love R;B/Pop/Hip-Hop the most, so I try to capture that sound with a little of my personality incorporated so that it’s my sound. We will write a custom essay sample on IM Unique Because or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No one can capture my sound, because it is me and no one can be me.I get inspired from a diverse number of people. That adds on to what sound I want to capture and put forth in my music. Learning how to play the piano and guitar help me a lot because they help me capture the sound I want. I express myself in music, movement and words, although other people do the same I do it differently just because, we all have things in common but no one is exactly the same. Another talent that makes me unique is writing poetry.I write to express myself, and to let loose what’s on my mind. My poems incorporate who I am, experiences I’ve had, and what makes me. Everyone has there reasons for writing poetry. When I write I always have in mind people who inspire me, how much I’ve grown in poetry and how I want to continue to grow as a person and poet. No one has the same reasons for gaining inspiration from someone who inspires you, that’s why I repeat we all have things in common but no one is exactly the same.In addition I think am unique because no one has a family as mine. No one is in the same exact situation as I. No one has lived the same life I have, maybe some have come close to, but never exactly that is why we all have things in common but no one is exactly the same. No one has the same goal in mind and how they are going to go about succeeding. A family can shape who you are and every family is different not exact the same. I am unique because no one can be me and I can not be anyone but myself.

A Comparative Perspective African Slave Trade and Spanish Rule in Peru

A Comparative Perspective African Slave Trade and Spanish Rule in Peru Research Argument Guaman (13) and Vazquez (15) view the Spanish rule in Peru as an epoch characterized by suffering among the indigenous communities and destruction of indigenous socio-political institutions. On the same note, Guaman includes a Christian perspective whereby he insists on the Kingdom.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Comparative Perspective: African Slave Trade and Spanish Rule in Peru specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarities in Perspectives According to Vazquez (45) and Mbemba (43), the slave trade in Africa and Spanish rule in Peru witnessed the annihilation of the existing political systems and the introduction of foreign ones. In Africa, the Arabs introduced the Islamic legal system based on the Sharia law along the East African coast and in West Africa, which replaced the indigenous decentralized system of government. According to Mbemba (23), both the Arab Slave trade in Africa an d the Trans-Atlantic slave trade exposed Africa to the outside world leading to the colonization of the continent. In Peru, the inception of the Spanish rule was marked by the destruction of the indigenous Incan political system by the Spaniards (Vazquez 56). The tremendous decline of native populations was a common consequence of African slave trade and Spaniard occupation of Peru. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, thousands of Africans died during capture, Middle Passage, and in the plantations and mines in America (Mbemba 22). In Peru, the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox by the Spaniards led to the decimation of over nine million Amerindians between 1520 and 1620 (Vazquez 43). Mbemba (12) and Vazquez (34) also argue that the two events were also characterized by the exploitation of the locals by foreigners. The Viceroyalty of Peru pursued economic development via mineral extraction and creation of a commercial monopoly. The viceroys used native forced la bor in mining and imposed taxes on the locals. In Africa, slave trade weakened the local economies; important labor forces were moved from the continent while slave raids disrupted economic activities on the continent (Vazquez 83). Variation in Perspectives Vazquez (98) posits that the political economy created by the Spaniards in Peru was characterized by competition for economic wealth between the Amerindians and the Spaniards. The Amerindians acquired wealth and influence. On the other hand, Rodney sums up the slave trade in Africa as well as the colonial epoch as having grossly underdeveloped the continent (Mbemba 12). In 1570s, Viceroy Fransisco dde Toledo unsuccessfully reorganized property rights, refining technology, and land policy in Peru to revitalize Spaniard control and boost silver production. This economic reorganization was futile in toppling Amerindian competition over silver and crude ore appropriation. Vazquez (2) presents the Spaniard political economy as a strug gle to control and contain competition that would enable the locals accumulate wealth.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, the Indian communities, individuals, social climbers, commoners, ethnic notables, and lords persistently competed with the Spanish for profit in the commercial economy established in the post-conquest era. Vazquez (27) presents a scenario of the presence of competition between the colonizers and the colonized, and among the colonizers in Peru with the Amerindians refusing and circumventing the exploitative Hispanized commercial economy. Mbemba (15) presents a systematic exploitation process of the African continent by foreigners stretching from the slave trade to the neocolonial era. During slave trade, particularly the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the African societies were depleted their able labor force that left them incapable of stagi ng formidable resistance on the intruders. While Mbemba (13) presents conquest as the main avenue through which Spaniards gained control of Peru, African societies are to blame for the slave trade menace. There existed the institution of slavery among some African societies, which the outsiders exploited to their advantage. The variation in the two writers’ perspectives in regard to the African and Amerindian responses to slavery and Spanish occupation respectively is largely informed by the context of the societies they wrote on; the weakened African society and the politically conscious Incan empire (Guaman 53). Undoubtedly, colonialism in Peru and slave trade in Africa were characterized by cultural exchange. The Amerindians adopted Christianity from their conquerors. The Africans adopted Islam from the Arab slave traders and later Christianity from the Europeans. Guaman, Felipe. Chronicle: First New Chronicle and Good Government: on the History of the World and the Incas up to 1615. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2009. Print. Mbemba, Nzinga. Appeal to the King of Portugal (1526). New York: Curtis Brown, 1964. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Comparative Perspective: African Slave Trade and Spanish Rule in Peru specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vazquez, Antonio. Mercury Mining in Huanacavelica and Silver Mining in Potosi (1620s). New York: WW Norton Co, 2011. Print.

Philippines history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philippines history - Essay Example Rizal was gifted in numerous field and participated in hundreds of learning activities both in Spain and Europe. The case Jose Rizal is a unique one since he never forget his native culture and the livelihood of his mother country, despite learning from different cultures. Having studied over twenty languages, Rizal still cherished his mother language and knew that it was important to safeguard indigenous culture and develop it. A critical analysis of the Noli Me Tangere provides several elements of indigenous culture that are evident in both religion and the society. From the Noli Me Tangere, we can identify that practices such as hospitality and courtesy are well pictured. Rizal (6) notes that Captain Tiago organized a dinner party, which was attended by many people. Hospitality is among the pillars of indigenous culture in Philippines, which lies on the principle that, people should live as members of this same family. The Philippines native culture recognizes members of the society as one social unit that should share the available resources. The old man who was welcoming guest during the party organized by Captain Tiago, showed respect and humbleness to the quest. He was courteous when welcoming the ladies invited to the party, and executed the assigned duties without despair or discrimination. The culture provides that people should join hands when attending to societal problems such as hunger, disease and education. In essence, people should enjoy good times together, and when it comes to tough times, they should mourn together. The Catholic Church recognizes the practice of maintaining upright morals and way of doing things, just like the indigenous Philippines culture. This can be proven by how the sitting arrangement was organized at the house of Captain Tiago during the dinner party. Men had to sit on a separate side from that of the women to avoid a chance that might

Aviation Mechanic Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aviation Mechanic Ethical Issues - Essay Example This is unachievable if employees in the organization do not follow strict ethical standards (Hoppe, 2011). Mechanics in the aviation sector are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that aircrafts and any other important machines in the industry are in the best conditions. This can be attributed to the fact that accidents in the sector are very lethal in most instances because survival is limited when an aircraft crash lands. This implies that all mechanics should follow a good set of ethical standards because it plays a critical role in saving lives. It is worth noting that managers, as well subordinate staff in the industry should always strive to ensure that all their duties are performed diligently. Performance of duties should be based on someone’s willingness to deliver to his or her potential at any given time. It is the responsibility of the management to ensure that all workers are playing their role because this goes a long way in saving lives and increasing the performance of an organization. An organization that records a high number of accidents would definitely lose customers because of loss of faith in the organization (Oderman, 2004). On the other hand, organization with a high reputation of ensuring customer safety, would gain in the market because customers need the best services in the market. The increasing competition between organizations in the world means that an organization that aspires to have a competitive edge must strive to deliver to customers’ expectations. In addition, one ought to understand that the performance of each employee determines the overall performance of an organization because a rope is as a strong as its weakest link. Although some organizations might ignore the importance of ensuring that its mechanical sector is performing to its potential, it has to be noted that, this is the bottom line for an aviation organization’s success

Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry

Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Introduction Standards and quality control within the hospitality industry are of critical importance, particularly within the kitchen and food safety areas of these businesses. Within this paper, the intention is to evaluate the benefits of quality tools to policy makers within the hospitality industry and discuss the effects of two of these tools in relation to a specific case example. 1) Quality Tools Quality has become a factor of importance in both the product and the service offered to the consumer. In essence it is the art of seeking a continual improvement in the processes, products and services that are provided (Dale 2003, p.5). However, when applied to hospitality, and in particular the operations of an industrial kitchen in this environment, the term â€Å"quality† also encompasses the health and safety aspect of the operation. In such cases, it is not simply a matter of ensuring that the product and service is of the quality expected by the consumer, but that it has also eliminated the health and safety risk factor, both in respect of the consumer and other business stakeholders, which include the employees who work within the kitchen environment. In other words it has to address both the internal and external issues. Thus it can be seen that there are a number of ways in which the use of quality control tools can assist to achieve its core aims, particularly within the hospitality industry. In addition to the safety of the product itself, these also relate to other aspects, which include the environment, cooking process and team effort of the business (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.29). With the main element of an industrial hospitality kitchen being the standard and quality of the food that is served to the customers, it is important that the quality control focuses on the safety as well as the quality of the food being prepared. In an effort to reduce the potential of complaints within this area, there are several issues that need to be addressed, such as the quality and safety of the food supplied, its storage, the method of cooking and the service to the consumer. The introduction of quality models such as the FMEA[1] and HACCP[2] systems are essential in ensuring that no issues arise in terms of the condition of food on its arrival from the supplier, the kitchen storage facilities or the cooking processes. The purpose of FMEA system works on the basis of combining risk and cause and effect analysis, with the intention of endeavouring to forecast potential system failures in advance as well as establishing what could cause such failures (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.2). Such failures are then judged by their severity; likelihood of happening and the ease of detection. With this information to hand it is then possible to design a solution to the problem, which includes a continual monitoring process. HACCP takes the process a step further by identifying points within the process where a potential hazard might occur and ensuring monitoring of these points. For example, if one takes potential complaints about food, this can manifest itself in several ways. Food can be contaminated at the source of supply or during the storage handling processes within the hospitality kitchen facility. Additionally, problems can arise from the cooking process. The severity of these problems can range from customer complaints in respect of over-under cooked foods to potential threatening health and safety issues such as food poisoning. The Foods Standard Agency (2007) have recently published guidelines which cover the procedures needed to prevent food incidents, which provides crucial information for the hospitality policy makers. From the supplier viewpoint this includes ensuring that the raw food and its processing, packaging and all controls for issues such as contamination are vigorously controlled and that there is a facility to enable action to be taken in the event of a complaint. Policies for food management within the Hospitality kitchen itself must include similar controls, which are subject to inspection by the local authority. These would apply to the kitchen storage facilities and their locations, which are required to ensure that food does not decompose or create additional health problems for the consumer (Knowles 2004, p.96). Similarly, the standard for training within the establishment need to be monitored to ensure appropriate hygiene standards are being adhered to by all staff (Knowles 2004, p.202). Furthermore, the hygiene and health and safety issue also applies to the employees within the business in respect of consumer’s safety. An example of these issues in reality can be demonstrated from an inspection that was conducted by Norwich City Council in relation to an office kitchen Hospitality unit (Environmental Health Food Team 2005). In this case the office in question was refurbishing their kitchen areas. The authority found several issues that needed addressing. Among these was the fact that the food storage facilities were inadequate and posed a threat to the freshness of the products, as did the fact that the staff changing rooms were located outside of the kitchen environment, which could expose their kitchen clothing to outside bacterial problems. Finally, the other aspects of quality that affects the hospitality kitchen are the health and safety issues that relate to employees. This has been evidenced by the concerns that can arise in relation to the potential back problems that can afflict an employee within the kitchen environment, as has been recognised by the Health and Safety Executive (CAIS 24 2006). As their report reveals, â€Å"back pain and upper limb disorders† are responsible for nearly 75% of the incidences of â€Å"occupational ill health,† which currently amount to in excess of two million lost work days a year, and a considerable number of these occur within the hospitality industry. Therefore it is important that policies regarding the positioning of equipment, maximum weight carrying levels and appropriate methods of lifting heavy products are instigated and monitored to ensure their compliance. Lack of such controls could lead to the employer being subjected to a claim under the Health and Saf ety legislations. 2) FMEA and HCCAP Within this section of the paper it is intended to assess the quality control procedures within a hypothetical situation. In this situation a cook chill company has conducted a FMEA on a product that is used within the hospitality. The product is a chicken casserole. The following results were recorded. Failure modes occurrence severity detection -Uneven garnish 1 1 5 -Incorrect stamp 1 9 9 -Packages edges stamped 2 6 6 What would need to be evaluated to provide a more accurate analysis in this case is the level of sampling provided, as the statistical information does affect the potential for detecting problems (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.190). If one applies a statistical confidence level based upon the regularity of the incidence occurring over a number of sample batches, and this reveals that the results are within a 5% band, then that level would be 95%. Statistical confidence levels are used to ascertain the level of confidence that the analyst has in the result of his findings. Applying this to the above table would result in the following results Failure modes occurrence severity detection -Uneven garnish 0.95 0.95 4.75 -Incorrect stamp 0.95 8.55 8.55 -Packages edges stamped 1.905.705.70 However, even based upon these lower result, and using 10 as the highest level of concern, the following information can be garnered. In occurrence terms, the most prolific problem relates to the issue of stamping package edges, with the least being uneven garnish. However, when one looks at the problem of severity and potential for detection the incorrect stamp are the major causes for concern, with incorrect stamping being by far the most important issue to address. Of itself, the problem of uneven garnish will not present a health and safety issue. Similarly, it cannot therefore be considered to be a hazard in that it will not result in a potential biological or chemical danger to the consumer (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.40). All that will result from this problem is a change in taste of the end product. Although the management may wish to address this from a quality viewpoint, it would not be the highest issue of the three to be addressed. Severity and difficulty in detection in relation to the incorrect stamp and edging stamps on the other hand do present difficulties and potential dangers, with the former being of most concern. Incorrectly packaged products can lead to health and safety issues with the consumer. For example, a vegetarian would be seriously displeased if they found that the chilli casserole that they thought contained no meat actually contained chicken. Similarly, for persons with allergies, the incorrect packaging could present problems. However, the problem with the edging stamp would be at a two-thirds level of importance compared with the labelling issue. Furthermore, one has to define the exact issue arising from the incorrect labelling as to whether it can be considered a health and safety hazard (Skelton 1997, p.6). If the problem was an incorrect date then the hazard is more significant that if it is just incorrect ingredients, as the former could lead to ill health affecting the consumer. Whilst ingredient errors may produce displeasure and complaint from the consumer, incorrect dating could lead to potential food poisoning and other health problems. It is at this latter stage that the real effect of a HACCP analysis, an alternative method for identifying potential issues (Skelton 1997, p.67) would be beneficial. HACCP views the process from the raw product stage until it ends up on the consumers plate and seeks to identify the critical points at which the problems identified above are likely to occur. As a result of this analysis it is possible for the policy maker in the Hospitality kitchen to institute a procedure that will ensure that these points are closely monitored in an effort to eradicate the problem, with records maintained at all times (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.2). From the above analysis it is apparent that, although from a individual viewpoint packaging does not present a health and safety issue (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.120), it is the fact that the information displayed upon it that, as has already been identified, creates the hazard. Therefore, the combination of the errors and hazards identified could produce serious problems in terms of the potential effect on the consumer’s health and, as a result, could lead to the management of the hospitality kitchen being prosecuted. Conclusion From the information and analysis that has been conducted for this paper, it is apparent that as part of the effective management of a kitchen within the hospitality industry the policy maker must ensure that, as a integral part of the management strategy, the issues of failure and hazard awareness and the methods of reducing the incidence of these risks are taken into account. Therefore, it is essential that every aspect of the process and operations of their kitchens be subjected to an FMEA and HACCP analysis. This should encompass the food supply chain; the maintenance and efficiency of equipment and the safety of their employees as well as their consumers. These finding support the beneficial use that such quality tools provide for the hospitality policy maker. References CAIS 24 (2006). Preventing back pain and other aches and pains to kitchen and food service staff. Health and Safety Executive. London, UK. Dale, Barrie (2003). Managing Quality. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK. Environmental Health Food Team (2005). Food Premises Inspection Report, Norwich City Council. Retrieved 16 May 2007 from http://www.norwich.gov.uk/intranet_docs/A-Z/Environmental%20Health/2005/Food_Awards/Mills_and_Reeve_Insp_151105.pdf Foods Standards Agency (2007). Principles for preventing and responding to food incidents. Retrieved 16 May 2007 from http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/principles23mar07 Knowles, Tim (2004). Food Safety in the Hospitality Industry. Butterworth-Heinmann Ltd. Oxford, UK. Mortimore, Sara and Wallace, Carol (2000). HACCP. A Practical Approach. Aspen Publishing. Maryland, US. Skelton, Bob (1997). Process Safety Analysis. An Introduction. Guld Publishing. Houston, US. Footnotes [1] Failure modes and effects Analysis [2] Hazard analysis and critical control points Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Brief 199613 POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Question 1: In the context of the CDM Regulations and the refurbishment of a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel, critically outline the purpose and content of the Health and Safety Plan and Health and Safety File. Discuss the relationship between the two components and how the Health and Safety File will be of benefit to contractors in the future. Critically assess the merits of the Building Regulations application process and construction technique utilised for Mcdonalds modular drive through restaurants. The following will evaluate the best way of refurbishing a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel so that the renovated building complies with all relevant health and safety legislation and regulations. The requirement to meet all the relevant health and safety legislation and standards means that the designers and the builders of renovations are as legally responsible as the hotel owners for all breeches of those requirements. Failure to meet regulatory standards could leave the constructors liable for civil prosecution or prone to litigation by the hotel owners, the hotel staff besides the hotel guests. Prosecution or litigation that could take years after the original renovation was actually completed (Youell, 2003 p. 99). The best way to develop a renovation plan that will receive planning permission from the appropriate local authority is to know exactly which health and safety regulations the proposed renovation needs to fully comply with. If the hotel is exempt from any of the health and safety regulations or the hotel owners believe that it is exempt from those standards it is always best to double check. Besides ignorance of the law is not an excuse for breaking it, and it will not protect contractors from legal action been taken against them. Of more immediate concern for contractors tasked with renovations a failure to abide to all building or health and safety regulations could result in the refusal of planning permission. After all it will only cause delays if the renovation plans are refused planning permission or if such breeches of the health and safety standards are missed at that stage and leave the design firm as well as the hotel owners liable to prosecution or litigation. Renovation w ork that does not reach the required health and safety standards might not be good enough to last over the long-term without the need to be repaired or eventually replaced due to its low quality (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Therefore to ensure that the renovation proposals receive planning permission and are legally sound a Health and Safety Plan as well as a Health and Safety File are necessarily developed and maintained to safeguard the building contractors and the hotel owners from both accidents and legal proceedings. The purpose of the health and safety plan is to ensure that the hotel will be fully compliant with the health and safety regulations that it is required to meet so as to function legally as a hotel. To make a fully functioning health and safety plan not only needs a strong knowledge of relevant regulations; it also requires the blueprints or plans for the hotel itself. An understanding of the hotel’s layout is essential with regard to making the health and safety plan practical and well designed. The objective of the health and safety plan is to make sure all the safety measures within the hotel are clearly accessible thus allowing both hotel staff and all hotel guests to remain safe in any emergency situation. The content of the health and safety plan would include the design layout and the exact location of fire fighting equipment, first exits, fire alarms, and any available first aid facilities. The plan should also include where hotel employees and guests meet, should the hotel have to be evacuated, especially in the event of a fire taking hold of the premises. Consideration should also be given to the fitting of smoke alarms, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Besides considering fire safety procedures, and first aid measures the health and safety plan should include measures to maintain hygiene standards in the kitchens, toilets, dining areas, and the guest bedrooms. Good hygiene standards are needed to ensure that the hotel remains clean, tidy, and free of dirt, allowing the hotel staff and all guests to avoid food poisoning or infection. The plan needs take into account the location of the kitchens, rubbish bins, and toilets in relation to the bedrooms used by guests. Poor hygiene standards and food poisoning could prove to be very bad for the future of the hotel, as it may bring it to the attention of environmental health officers that have the power to close it down until the hotel meets the minimum required regulatory standards (Bloomsbury, 2005 p.124). Another factor for maintaining the good hygiene of the hotel is the straightforward one of guests not wishing to return to dirty and unclean accommodation (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). The purpose of the Health And Safety File is to record how the hotel complies with all relevant regulations before, during, and after the proposed renovations. The file is meant to ensure that the hotel sticks to the measures it set out in the Health and Safety Plan. The file should record the health and safety performance of the hotel with regard to the maintenance of equipment, facilities, as well as all the procedures that enhance safety standards or good hygiene. The Health and Safety File should also keep a note of all the training that the staff at the hotel is given in respect of maintaining and implementing safety measures and all hygiene standards. The hotel staff should ideally be given training to use fire fighting equipment when it is safe to do so, to provide first aid when needed, and carry out practice fire safety drills. When necessary staff will need to be given extra training should they not perform their duties to a high enough level to comply with the standards se t out in regulations. The Health and Safety File should also ensure that all hotel guests have access to information about the location of fire safety equipment, first aid facilities, and the assembly point in case of the hotel being evacuated (Youell, 2003 p. 99). There should be a strong relationship between the Health and Safety Plan and the Health and Safety File. The two items should compliment each other, as together they provide the means to plan and implement safety and hygiene standards at the hotel. The Health and Safety Plan sets out how the safety and hygiene standards will be achieved, whilst the Health and Safety File is intended to record what is actually happening at the hotel in terms of complying with regulations. The Health and Safety File by itself could be very useful to any contractors that need to carry out any building or renovation work at the hotel, as a means of checking the record of the hotel in meeting regulatory requirements. Contractors would be able to consult the Health and Safety File if they have any queries regarding the equipment, facilities, as well as the safety and hygiene procedures used by the staff at the hotel. If the Health and Safety File has been kept up to date consulting it will allow the contra ctors to know whether or not the hotel has been adhering to the regulations it is legally supposed to do at all times. Knowing if the hotel is not complying with regulation would give the contractor the opportunity to suggest building alterations or changes in safety and hygiene procedures that if implemented mean the hotel does comply with all relevant regulations (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). There are ways of ensuring that a company only has to pay minimal attention to completing Health and Safety Plans and Files without breaking the regulations or ignoring the spirit of the law. The fast food company MacDonalds has probably devised the best way of minimising the planning permission required whilst adhering to the statutory safety and hygiene standards set out in regulations and legislation. As a company MacDonalds has made its fortune and its reputation by the mass standardisation of its restaurants, equipment, staff training, marketing image, and finally but by no means least its food products. People know what they are going to get when they go into a MacDonalds anywhere in the world, and more of them like it than dislike it (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds believe that the standardisation process is definitely a successful strategy when it comes down to gaining rapid planning permission and complying with safety and hygiene standards. Planning authorities will be made aw are by the company that their restaurants are pr-designed to pass safety and hygiene standards, whilst all new staff will be fully trained to make sure that standards are always adhered to (Mason, 2005 p.44). The senior management are well aware of the benefits of standardisation, if one design passes safety and hygiene standards it is adopting that design for all its restaurants as that makes financial, marketing, and practical sense to do so (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have developed modular drive through restaurants as a method of constructing new outlets quickly at the same time as passing the Building Regulations application process. As a company MacDonalds has always set out to have all its ordinary and drive through restaurants designed to look exactly the same as each other as well as also having the same features and equipment. For MacDonalds having restaurants that look the same everywhere they are constructed has been a highly successful branding strategy and exercise that has allowed the firm to expand impressively across the globe. To be more precise it is a global franchise which, has expanded due to its high profits and relatively low capital costs (Mason, 2005 p. 44). However the merits of using modular designs go beyond marketing ploys and serve pragmatic purposes. When MacDonalds set out to design its modular drive through restaurants it certainly took the Building Regulation application process into account. The modular drive through restaurant was designed to meet safety and hygiene standards in as many countries as possible, so that they could be constructed in as many places as the company would like. The low cost of construction when combined with the ease of gaining planning at the same time as being able to pass all safety and hygiene standards makes buying into the MacDonalds franchise a good investment. The prefabricated structures have the advantage of not requiring a high degree of planning permission than buildings wholly constructed on site (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have found that with experience that prefabricated designs that already fully meet planning requirements and regulations will undoubtedly gain full building permission quickly wherever the proposed restaurant is located. The rapid gaining of building permission allows MacDonalds to have all its new drive through restaurants trading sooner rather than later. The new drive through restaurants thus quickly re-coup their modest construction costs and go into profit. Profits are not only made quickly; they are also made over a long-term basis as well. The use of prefabricated designs and materials therefore allows MacDonalds to expand its total number of restaurants at a much lower capital cost than many of its competitors. The beauty of the modular drive through restaurant design is that it is cheap and durable, yet it could also be quickly modified if it needed to be (Mason, 2005 p. 44). The modular design allows for standardised equipment to be fitted, equipment that could b e easily updated modified or completely replaced should building regulations alter, or if the company purchases improved equipment. The modular design is meant to be really simple to construct, maintain and keep clean. The simplicity of the kitchen areas is intended to make it easier to train staff to cook and prepare food as well as cleaning areas to maintain hygiene standards. The training of staff does not take long as all processes and procedures, as well as equipment and food is standardised. The simplicity of the whole operation means that food is prepared, cooked, and served faster (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 117). Simplicity and standardisation keep costs low, product prices highly competitive, and the company’s profits high. Providing that all staff are trained and keep to the procedures they are taught the company should always be able to maintain safety and hygiene standards whilst never having to wait long for planning permission (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Question 2: Explain how the analysis of a local authority Development Plan can help the senior management team of a national hotel chain identify a suitable site for a new budget hotel in a particular locality? The majority of local authorities in Britain will have development plans to control where and whether new businesses or retail units would be constructed within the areas they control the planning for. Local authorities make up Development Plans as a means of generating wealth, creating jobs and regenerating run down districts and would wish to include such firms within their Development Plan. Development Plan would include the precise locations of where the new offices, hotels, and retail units would be sited. The Development Plan provides further useful information for the senior management to consider besides the proposed or the approved locations of other companies. For instance, every Development Plan should give the location of roads, motorways, railways, and rivers near or within the locality controlled by the local authority concerned. Other information that could be relevant to the locating of the new budget hotel could include local tourist attractions or places that would make hotels less attractive for potential guests, like waste ground, factories, or prisons. If the new budget hotel could be located near the most attractive features of the town or city it is a bonus in terms of marketing the hotel before it opens and expanding the number guests once it has opened. If the company has to locate the hotel in a less attractive site the company could consider pulling out of its construction or consider different ways of marketing it if it is actually built. The company would however wish to avoid being located in areas where it could not guarantee the safety of their guests and their staff, as more would have to be spent on security measures such as fencing or patrolled car parks. The company could find it useful to contact local people and possibly the Police to find out which parts of the town or city they need to avoid when picking the locality of their new budget hotel. Local authorities will make the Development Plan available for the public and b usinesses to examine which allows any firms that wish to open premises within the area to apply for a place within that plan. For the Senior Management of a budget hotel chain that would want to open a new hotel inside a particular locality being able to analyse the local authority’s Development Plan would offer definite advantages when it comes to making the new budget hotel a long-term success (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The exact location of any new budget hotel could make all the difference between it being a successful part of the firm or it being a loss making failure. From a study of the Development Plan the Senior Management should be aware of the alternative sites available for the location of the proposed new hotel, as well as the placing of other new businesses within the development area. Senior Management should have a strong knowledge of the best places and the worst places to locate new budget hotels when it comes down to maximising the number of guests that stay there. Analysing the Development Plan would make Senior Management fully aware of the local authority intentions of which firms to allocate land to, for the construction of their new outlets, offices, or hotels. The most prestigious firms will want to locate in the most prime positions possible to fit in with their corporate image, whilst a low budget hotel firm might not need to do the same. A low budget hotel does not have to obtain a prestigious land site, it does however have to be based if at all possible on land that is near to town or city centres, and ideally is easily accessible for as many potential guests as possible. The senior management would find it useful to locate the new budget hotel near the main roads, the railway, close to local businesses, and preferably with free secure car parking spaces available. Such a location would be a good selling point to business travellers and tourists a like. If they could gain an accurate analysis of the Development Plan then it increases the chances of securing a good locality for the new budget hotel (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The hotel company could benefit from examining the Development Plan as it would allow them to know if they could use prefabricated designs that permit the construction to be finished earlier and thus earning revenue sooner. If the hotel chain already uses prefabricated designs and construction techniques then it will them greater flexibility when it comes down to the precise locality of the new budget hotel. Flexibility that stems from the savings in construction costs being able to provide a bit of leeway if the price of being in a better location is higher than first anticipated. A sound understanding of the development plan would enable senior management to have the locality and the rapid construction of the new budget hotel finalised as soon as possible. Such an understanding would thus grant the company more time to advertise the opening of the new hotel at an early stage to maximise the number of guests upon its opening. The evaluation of the Development Plan would also give se nior management a precise idea of the number of hotels within the town or city that are already built and those hotels that are planned. Knowledge of the hotels within the district gives senior management invaluable information when it comes down to the marketing, and pricing strategy for the new budget hotel which could make all the difference between success and failure. Knowing the nature, location, as well as the strengths and the weaknesses of all its rivals within the locality could certainly prove very beneficial to the senior management in selling the merits of the new budget hotel in relation to its competitors. Senior management could also take advantage of the company’s brand name and its reputation. Marketing for the new budget hotel should emphasis that the locality will soon be able to benefit from the arrival of a low cost hotel that happens to provide high quality service (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Bibliography Bloomsbury Reference, (2005) Dictionary of Leisure, Travel, and Tourism – 3rd edition, Bloomsbury, London Mason P (2005) Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Elsvier, London www.LHC.ORG.UK Youell R, (2003) Complete A-Z Travel Leisure Handbook – 2nd edition, Hodder Stoughton, London